Professional Documents
Culture Documents
F I G U R E 1.
Formal Communication in Organizations
Vertical Communication
Horizontal Communication
I. Formal Communication
A. Vertical Communication
Vertical communication is communication that flows
both up and down the organization, usually along
formal reporting lines-that is, it is the
communication that takes place between managers
and their superiors and subordinates. Vertical
communication may involve only two persons, or it
may flow through several different organizational
levels.
1. Downward Communication
Downward Communication occurs when information flows down the hierarchy from
superiors to subordinates.
Examples : Orders, circulars, individual instructions, policy statements, InterOffice Memos, e-mail, notices
It is best suited for organizations where the line of authority runs distinctly downwards.
Main objectives:
To give specific directions to subordinates about the job entrusted.
To explain organizational policies and procedures.
To apprise the subordinates of their performance.
To give subordinates the rationale of the job so that they understand the
significance of the job in relation to organizational goals.
2. Upward Communication
Upward communication consists of messages from subordinates to superiors. This flow is
usually from subordinates to their direct superior, then to that persons direct superior,
and so on up the hierarchy. Occasionally, a message might by-pass a particular superior.
Examples : The typical content of upward communication is requests, information that
the lower-level manager thinks is important to the higher-level manager, responses to
requests from the higher-level manager, suggestions, complaints, and financial
information.
Importance :
1.Providing feedback: Whether directions issued are understood by lower staff.
2.Outlet for pent-up emotions : Grievances and problems addressed, solutions are
developed and employees feel better after having talked about them.
3.Constructive suggestions: These can be secured for improvement of the
organization.
2.
3.
4.
B. Horizontal Communication
Whereas vertical communication involves a superior and a subordinate, horizontal
communication involves colleagues and peers at the same level of the
organization.
For example : an operations manager might communicate to a marketing manager
that inventory levels are running low and that projected delivery dates should be
extended by two weeks. Horizontal communication probably occurs more among
managers than among non managers.
Horizontal communication serves a number of purposes.
It facilitates coordination among interdependent units. For example, a manager
at Motorola was recently researching the strategies of Japanese semiconductor firms
in Europe. He found a great deal of information that was relevant to his assignment.
He also uncovered some additional information that was potentially important to
another department, so he passed it along to a colleague in that department, who
used it to improve his own operations.
Horizontal communication can also be used for joint problem solving, as when
tow plant managers at Westinghouse got together to work out a new method to
improve productivity.
Finally, horizontal communication plays a major role in work teams with
members drawn from several departments.
Communication
that takes place
in an
organization
that transcends
formal channels
and instead
follows any of
several
methods. Fig. 3
illustrates
numerous
examples of
informal
communication.
F I G U R E 3. Informal Communication in Organizations