Chapter 11 - Materials Engineering

Exploring
Engineering
Chapter 11
Materials
Engineering
Topics to be Covered
Stress
Strain
Elastic (Youngs) Modulus
Toughness
Yield Strength
Material Properties
Exploring Engineering
Material Use
Throughout Time
Stresses and Bugs
Fracture Along an
Atomic Plane
The force required
to separate the
atomic planes is
about 100,000 MPa
or 100 GPa (giga
pascals).
a) Normal state b) Fracture
But typical metals

have an fracture
strength of only
about 500 MPa!
The Grain Structure of

Copper
This is because metals
are full of impurities and
grain boundaries.
The strongest materials
today are made of single
crystals. The largest
single crystal is believed
to be at the center of the
earth where an enormous
single crystal of iron 1220
km in diameter exists.
Tensile Strength of
Atomic Chains and
Copper atomic
chains, nano-wires, and
Nano-wires
shells
Stress and Strain

Stress () is defined as the force applied
per unit area, = F/A, and has units of
N/m2 or pascals (Pa).
The stress will cause a deformation called
strain, ,
= L/L, where L is the change in
length and L is the original length. Strain
is dimensionless, and is often given in %
for convenience.
Tensile and shear

Modulus
For a perfectly
elastic material, the sample will
obey Hookes law: E = /
where E is the tensile elastic (or Youngs)

modulus.
The shear modulus G = / (where is the shear
stress and is the shear strain.
Distortion of the sample will occur as the crosssectional area of the specimen deceases as its
length increases. This is called Poissons ratio
(), and relates the tensile modulus to the shear
modulus as: G = E/(2(1 + ))
For most materials is between 0 and 0.5.
Toughness is the
Area Under the
Area =
Stress-Strain
curve
Toughness
Simplified Elastic Plastic Deformation

Model
55 MPa
Elastic
deformation
30%
Plastic
deformation
A More Accurate
Graph
More Accurate Graphs
Animal Muscle StressStrain
Silicone Elastomers
Elastomers can
have high
elongation, but
low-tomoderate
tensile
strengths
Biological Tissue
Materials
that simulate the mechanical
Stress-Strain
and acoustical properties of biological
tissues can be used in experiments to

assess blunt forces trauma. Applications
include understanding automobile crash
injuries, nonlethal projectiles, and the
performance of blast-resistant structures.
Bone Stress-Strain
Compressive Stress-Strain Curves
Composite Materials
Product Design
Influences the Choice of
Materials
Bumper
Spring
Not all crashes are

head on the
material may yield
Bumper,
locally in low speed
Immoveable
1,000. kgimpacts
pole
at 2..5 mph
Chapter 11 Problem
0.10 m
0.10 m
.10 m
.10 m
Before
0.0050 m
After
Problem Statement
A flat saucer made of a polymer (E=2.0
102) has an initial thickness of 0.0050
m.
A ceramic coffee cup of diameter 0.10 m
and mass 0.15 kg is placed on a plate
made of the same polymer as indicated
above. What is the final thickness of the
plate beneath the cup, assuming that the
force of the cup acts directly downward,
and is not spread horizontally by the
saucer? Comment on your answers
plausibility.
Exploring
Engineering
Solution
Need: Compressive strain on saucer made of
polymer = ___ .
Know: Stress-strain relationship. Initial thickness
of the saucer = 0.0050 m. Contact area from
diameter 0.10 m. Mass = 0.15 kg and E= 2.0
102
How: Hookes Law, = /E. Given that the
applied stress on the saucer acts over its
footprint, = Mg/ACup.
Solve: Area of contact of cup = d2/4 = 7.85
10-3 m2; hence = force/area = -0.15 9.81/
7.85 10-3 [kg][m/s2][1/m2]
= -188 Pa (negative because it is
Exploring
Engineering
a compressive
stress)
More Solution
The resulting strain is then = /E = -188/(2.0
102 106) [Pa][1/MPa][MPa/Pa] = - 9.4 10-7
(dimensionless).
Since the original saucer thickness is 0.0050 m,
its compression is T = - 9.4 10-7 0.0050
= - 4.7 10-9 m or 4.7 nm.
The resulting thickness of the silicone saucer
under the cup is effectively unchanged (0.0050
- 4.7 10-9 = 0.0050 m).
Note that 4.7 nm is in the nano range and a
continuum stress-strain model no longer applies.
Chapter 11 Problem
Shield
Diameter = 1 micron
Micrometeorite
Thickness, T
Portion of shield
affected by the
micrometeorite
is a cylinder
with the same
diameter as
the micrometeorite
Stress
(Mpa)
A Simplified StressYield Strain

200
Curve
Stress
Plastic
-1.0
deformation
Strain, (%)
-100
-200
1.0
Problem Statement
Consider a micrometeorite to be a piece of
mineral that is approximately a sphere of
diameter 1.10-6 m and density 2.00 103
kg/m3. It travels through outer space at a speed
of about 5.0 103 m/s relative to a spacecraft.
Your job as an engineer is to provide a
micrometeorite shield for the spacecraft.
Assume that if the micrometeorite strikes the
shield, it affects only a volume of the shield 1.0
10-6 m in diameter and extending through the
entire thickness of the shield.
Using the stress-strain diagram for steel
presented in this chapter, Figure 11, determine
the minimum thickness a steel micrometeorite
shield would have to be to protect the
spacecraft from destruction (even though the
shield itself might be dented, cracked or even
destroyed in the process).
Solution Set-up
Need: Thickness of shield, T = ____ mm.
Know: KE of micrometeorite and volume of steel
affected; also the steel with properties shown in
Figure 11 is symmetric with respect to tension
and compression. Its compressive yield is - 2.0
102 MPa at = - 0.15% and its fracture occurs at
= - 1.0%.
Micrometeorite density 2.00 103 kg/m3 and a
relative speed = 5.0 103 m/s.
How: Compare the shields toughness with the
KE/volume material. If contact area is A, ()
(mV2/AT) = toughness gives T, where toughness
is area to failure under , diagram.
Solution
Solve: Steel toughness = (-2.010 2)(-0.0015) +
(-2.0 102) (-0.01 (-0.0015)) [MPa] = 0.15
(elastic) + 1.7 (plastic) [MN/m2] = 1.85 MN/m2 =
1.85 106 N/m2.
Impact area of micrometeorite = (D2/4) =
(1.010-6)2/4 = 7.8510-13 m2.
Mass of micrometeorite = (D3/6) = (2.00 103 )
(1.010-6)3/6 [kg/m3][m3] = 1.0510-15 kg.
KE released = mv2 = (1.05 10-15 )(5.0 103)2
[kg][m/s]2 = 1.3110-8 Nm.
Toughness = ()(mV2/AT), or 1.85 106 N/m2 =
1.31 10-8/(7.85 10-13 T) [Nm][1/m3] and
solving for the thickness T gives T = 9.0 mm.
Chapter 11 - Problem
Using the stress/strain properties for a
polymer (Figure 13 and Table 1), determine
whether a sheet of this polymer 0.10 m
thick could serve as a micrometeorite shield,
if this time the shield must survive a
micrometeorite strike without being
permanently dented or damaged. Assume
the properties of the polymer are symmetric
in tension and in compression.
Problem Set-up
Need: Polymer shield will survive
undamaged ___ Yes/No?
Know: KE of micrometeorite = 1.31 108 J; impact area = 7.85 10 -13 m and =
55 MPa and = 0.30 at yield. T = 0.10 m.
How: Compare the shields toughness
with the KE/volume material.
Solution
Solve: Toughness at yield for polymer:
= (55106)0.30 [N/m2] = 8.3
106 J/m3.
KE deposited/volume material
=
1.3110-8 /(7.8510-130.10) [J][1/m3]
= 1.67 105 J/m3 < 8.3 106
J/m3.
Hence 0.1 m of this polymer will
survive micrometeorite unscathed.
Finite Element Analysis

(FEA)
Stress analysis
FEA Fluid Mechanics
FEA Heat Transfer
Finite Element Analysis

The use of FEA (FEA)
is widely accepted today, in
almost any engineering discipline. The
following is a list of possible applications
Static and dynamic analysis

Analysis of motion, fit, interference and function
Analysis of weight and centre of gravity of
components and assemblies
Product life cycles
Troubleshooting of design flaws
Reverse engineering
Determination of manufacturing processes and
sequences
Summary
Materials engineers develop and specify materials. They
1) Define material requirements;
2) Consider metals and polymers;
3) Understand the internal microstructure of materials that
can be crystalline and/or amorphous;
4) Use a stress-strain diagram to express materials properties
in terms of the five engineering variables: stress, strain,
elastic limit, yield strength, and toughness; and
5) Use the results determined for those properties to carry out
materials selection.

Chapter 11 - Materials Engineering

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Chapter 11 - Materials Engineering

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Exploring

Stresses and Bugs

a) Normal state b) Fracture

But typical metals

The Grain Structure of

Stress and Strain

Tensile and shear

where E is the tensile elastic (or Youngs)

Simplified Elastic Plastic Deformation

More Accurate Graphs

Animal Muscle StressStrain

tissues can be used in experiments to

Compressive Stress-Strain Curves

Not all crashes are

A Simplified StressYield Strain

Finite Element Analysis

FEA Fluid Mechanics

FEA Heat Transfer

Finite Element Analysis

Static and dynamic analysis

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