Chapter

3
(Noise pollution)
Pollution

iznrh

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Objectives :

At the end of this lesson you should be able

to :
Define noise pollution
Summarize the sources of noise
Identify the physical properties of sound
Adding and subtracting the sound levels.
Know the control of noise pollution
Identify the law that involved in noise
pollution

Noise pollution
Defined as unwanted sound.
Disagreeable sound.

Physical Properties of
Sound

A sound wave is propagates in an

elastic medium.
Sound waves are characterized by
1) Frequency
2) amplitude
3) Wavelength
The quality of sound is determined by
its frequency.

Physical Properties of
Sound
Sound power, W (watt)
- rate of energy is transmitted by
sound wave.
Sound Intensity, I (watt/m^2)
- average sound power perunit
area normal to propagation of a
sound.

The decibel

The human ear is able to perceive an

enormous range of sound pressures.
The sound pressure, SPL:

L p 10 log10
Pref 20 Pa

P rms
2
P ref

Adding and Subtracting

Sound Levels

2 method :
Either
Calculation by equation
Or
Calculation with using table

Addition of two sources of

noise
If the level differ Add the following
by
to the higher
level
0 to 1db
3 db
2 to 3 db

2 db

4 to 9 db

1 db

10 db and over

0 db

Law
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
( MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE )
REGULATIONS, 1987
Factories and Machinery Act
1967
( Act 139 ) & Regulations and
Rules

Decibel (dB)

Dangerous decibels
damage to hear noise levels >> 85
dB (loudness of heavy traffic)
not recommended to listen to noises of
109 decibels for any longer than two
minutes at a time.

Noise Control Method

Highway Traffic Noise

Noise Reduction
Noise Barrier - solid obstructions built
between the highway and the homes along
the highway
reduce noise levels by 10 to 15 dB

Noise Pollution Control

Administrative control (any
arrangement that reduces the worker's
exposure time to noise hazards)
job rotation
production scheduling
job redesign
appropriate training on noise.
Health surveillance
helps to identify hearing problems so
they can be prevented from
developing further.

Noise Pollution Control

The hierarchy of control
elimination
substitution
isolation
Engineering control

Substitution
Substitute the equipment with the most
suitable one.

9" grinder (left) is noisier than 4" one (right)

Isolation
defined as separating
noise sources from
people involved in
the work or others
standing near by.
Relocating the noise
sources, operators or
others to positions
away from the noise
source

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

A personal hearing protector is a device, or
pair of devices
designed to be worn over or inserted in the
ears of a person to protect hearing.

Engineering control
Vibration Isolation
Vibration damping
Barrier
Silencer
Muffler
Enclosure

Vibration isolation
Reduce noise, impact sound and
separate them from disturbing
element.
the vibration generator is separated
from its supporting structure by
placing an isolator between them.
form of springs, rubber mounts.

Vibration isolation

Vibration Damping

Damping refers to property of

materials which converts vibration
energy into heat energy.

Barrier
Noise barriers reduce the sound which
enters a community from a busy highway
by either
absorbing
transmit & reflecting it back across
the highway
or forcing it to take a longer path
over and around the barrier.
constructed from concrete, masonry,
wood, metal, and other materials.

Barrier
To effectively reduce sound
transmission through the barrier, the
material chosen must be rigid and
sufficiently dense
(at least 20 kg/sq m).

Barrier

Silencer/Diffuser

making them ideal for use in parts

ejection, conveying, drying and cleaning
operations
Diffuser
do not reduce the noise
prevents the generation of noise by
diffusing high-velocity streams.

Muffler/Expansion
Chamber

The reactive expansion chamber or

muffler has no lining of absorptive
materials but attenuates noise by
reflecting the sound waves so as to
cancel the waves of the incoming
noise source. This process is called
destructive interference. Reactive
mufflers are the types found in
trucks and automobiles.

Enclosure

Property of the enclosure must be

such that it should not be vibrate
when a sound wave hits it
surface; otherwise the enclosure
itself can become a noise source.
The ideal enclosure is the heavy
enclosure (materials of high
density).

fans were fitted with

intake and exhaust
silencers, and ducts
were lined inside
with absorptive
fibrous material and
wrapped outside.
This reduced the
noise levels from
around 85-88dB(A)
down to 81dB(A)

Enclosure

Fully enclosed office constructed

Enclosure
Example of a partial enclosure