Power plant Engineering

Course no: ME 3223

Md.Tanvir Ibny Gias

Lecturer
Dept.of Mechanical Engineering
Khulna university of Engineering & technology,khulna-9230;
Email:liton0705012_me@yahoo.com

11/23/15

Department of Mechanical
engineering,KUET

Power Plant

A power plant is a assembly of systems or subsystems to generate

electricity. It not only generates electricity ,it also delivers a flow of
mechanical or electrical energy. The main equipment for the generation
of electric power is generator. When coupling it to a prime mover runs
the generator, the electricity is generated. The type of prime mover
determines the type of power plants.

A power plant or a power generating station is basically an industrial

location that is utilized for the generation and distribution of
electric power in mass scale, usually in the order of several 1000 Watts

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Power plant

Power plants are used for the generation of electric power. It actually doesnt create
energy, but transforms its. For example, coal, locked up chemical energy, immediately
captured as heat and pressure of steams, then passed into KE of spinning turbine, and
finally converted in electrical current in the generator.
The major power plants, are,
(a)Steam power plant
(b) Diesel power plant
Thermal power plant
(c) gas turbine power plant
(d) Nuclear power plant(NPP)
(e) Hydro electric power plant.

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Thermal power Plant:

The turbine is rotated by steam which is produced by the heat generated
by burning fuel( coal, gas , diesel, petroleum,) in a Boiler.

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16:pulverizer:very fine particle of coal

27.Stack or chimney: facilitate the gaseous pollutants(CO,NOX,Sulpher di oxide) to
go out and disperse into the environment

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Operation mechanism:
The coal is brought and crushed to powder, this is feed to Boiler for
producing heat
In boiler the water is converted to steam
In superheater the moisture content is removed from the steam and the
steam is called superheated steam
The superheated steam rotates the shaft of the High pressure turbine
The exhausted steam is sent to preheater and the steam then rotates the
intermediate pressure(IP) turbine.
The steam from the IP turbine is then feed to low pressure turbine
The turbine is connected to the generator, which produces electric power
The power generated is then Transmitted
Boiler, turbine & generator includes supply,erection and commissioning ;
It Constitutes approximately 60% of total contract value.
-Supply,erection and Commissioning of
Coal handling plant
Water handling plant(water treatment)
Ash handling plant
Switch yard
Switch gear
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This constitutes f 40% of total contract value.

Diesel power plant::

A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the
generation of electrical energy is known as diesel power station.
It produces power from a diesel engine. Diesel electric plants in the range of 2 to 50
MW capacities are used as central stations for small supply networks and used as a
standby to hydroelectric or thermal plants where continuous power supply is needed.
The diesel power plants are cheaply used asPeak load plants
Mobile electric plants
Standby units
Emergency power plants
Starting stations for existing plants
Central power stations.

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Different sources of energy used to generate electricity are:1.Fossil fuels

2.Hydro power plant
3.Biomass
4.Wind energy
5.Solar energy
6.Geo thermal energy
7.Ocean thermal energy
8.Tidal energy
9.Wave energy
10.Nuclear energy
Types of Energy:
Renewable energy:
-It can be regenerated in a relatively short period of time
-unlimited(will not run out)
Solar (the sun will rise again tomorrow)
biomass (grows again)
hydro (will rain again)
wind (sunlight on earth makes more)
ocean currents (driven by sun)
tidal motion (moon keeps on producing it)
geothermal (heat sources inside earth not used up fast)
Non-Renewable Energy:
-Can not be replaced in a short amount of time
-limited(It is estimated that The maximum amount will exhaust in 50 to 70 years from
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the world.)
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Why renewable energy?

Renewable energy is energy from sources that are constantly being formed
Types of renewable energy includes:
solar energy, wind energy, the power from living things: biomass
the power from moving water: hydro/micro-hydro and tidal waves
Earths heat(geothermal Energy)
Remember, all sources of energy, including renewable sources, affect the environment
There are many energy sources today that are extremely limited in supply. Some of these
sources include oil, natural gas, and coal. It is a matter of time before they will be
exhausted.
Estimates are that they can only meet our energy demands for another fifty to seventy
years. So in an effort to find alternative forms of energy, the world has turned to renewable
energy sources as the solution. There are many advantages and disadvantages to this.
Advantages:
It is renewable , therefore sustainable and so will never run out.
Renewable energy produces little or no waste products such as carbon dioxide or other
chemical pollutants, so has minimal impact on the environment.
Renewable energy facilities generally require less maintenance than traditional
generators. Their fuel being derived from natural and available resources reduces the costs
of operation.
Renewable energy projects can also bring economic benefits to many regional areas, as
most projects are located away from large urban centers and suburbs of the capital cities.
These economic benefits may be from the increased
use of
local services as well as
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tourism.

Renewable energy: Disadvantages

it is difficult to generate large amount of electricity that are

as large as those produced by traditional fossil fuel generators.
Another disadvantage of renewable energy sources is the
reliability of supply. Renewable energy often relies on the
weather for its source of power. For example, Hydro
generators need rain to fill dams to supply flowing water.
Wind turbines need wind to turn the blades, and solar
collectors need clear skies and sunshine to collect heat and
make electricity. When these resources are unavailable so is
the capacity to make energy from them. This can be
unpredictable and inconsistent.
The current cost of renewable energy technology is also far
in excess of traditional fossil fuel generation. This is
because it is a new technology and as such has extremely large
capital cost (especially R & D costs).
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Hydroelectricity: power of moving water

Hydroelectric(hydro) energy is electrical energy produced by falling

water(i.e. Force of water.)
Hydroelectric energy accounts for 20% of the worlds electricity.
Large hydroelectric power plants have a dam that is built across a river to
hold back a reservoir of water.
The water in the reservoir is released to turn a turbine, which generates
electricity.
Height of water, discharge or flow of
water &Efficiency of turbine

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General layout of a Hydro-electric power plant:

Various components of HPP are as follws:

Reservoir
Dam
Penstock
Surge tank
Turbine
Draft Tube
Power house(Generator,Transformer)
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Switchyard for power Transmission to the main
electric
Grid)

In Hydro-electric plants,
1. the energy of the falling water is utilized to drive the turbine which in
turn runs the generator to produce electricity. Rain falling upon the
earths surface has potential energy relative to the oceans towards which
it flows.
2. This energy is converted to shaft work where the water falls through an
appreciable vertical distance.
3. The hydraulic power is therefore a naturally available renewable energy
given by the eqn:
P =g QH
Where,P=power available in water
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec 2
= density of water = 1000 kg/m 3
Q=Discharge or flow of water in (m3/sec.)
H = height of fall of water.
So, power=9.81*1000*Q*H*10-3kW=9.81QH kW
4.This power is utilized for rotating the alternator shaft, to convert it to
equivalent electrical energy.
** the hydro-electric plants are of much lower capacity compared to
their thermal or nuclear counterpart. For this reason hydro plants are
generally used in scheduling with thermal stations, to serve the load during
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peak hours.
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Advantages:

Hydroelectric dams are expensive to build, but relatively inexpensive to

operate.
Unlike fossil fuel plants, hydroelectric dams do not release air
pollutants that cause acid precipitation.
Hydroelectric dams also tend to last much longer than fossil fuelpowered plants.
Dams also provide other benefits such as flood control and water for
drinking, agriculture, industry, and recreation.
Disadvantages:

A dam changes a rivers flow, which can have far-reaching consequences.

A reservoir floods large areas of habitat above the dam. Water flow below the
dam is reduced, which disrupts ecosystems downstream.
When the land behind a dam is flooded, people are often displaced. If a dam
bursts, people living in areas below the dam can be killed.
River sediments build up behind the dam instead of enriching land farther down
the river, making farmland below the dam less productive.
Recent research has also shown that the decay of plant matter trapped in
reservoirs can release large amounts of greenhouse
gases-sometimes more
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than a fossil-fuel powered plant.
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Hydroelectric power plant in Bangladesh:

Head=.m=.ft.
Flow rate= m3/s
Ideal Power,P= mgh=..kW.
Efficiency of turbine=
Actual power generated=

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Solar Energy
Solar

power is a conversion of sunlight into electricity either

directly using photovoltaic (PV) or indirectly using
concentrated solar power (CSP) Concentrated solar power
system uses lenses or mirrors.

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Department of Mechanical
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How Much solar energy we can get from sun:

Above the atmosphere, we get 1368 W/m2 of radiated power from the sun,
across all wavelengths(3% )
At the ground, this number is smaller due to scattering and absorption in the
atmosphere
about 63%, or ~850 W/m2 with no clouds, perpendicular surface
probably higher in dry desert air
-52% of the
incoming light hits
clouds, 48% does
not
in cloudless
conditions, half
(24/48) is direct,
63% (30/48) reaches
the ground

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The amount of light received by a horizontal surface (in W/m2)

averaged over the year (day & night) is called the insolation.
We can make a guess based on the facts that on average:
-half the incident light reaches the ground

-half the time it is day

-the sun isnt always overhead, so that the effective area of a horizontal
surface is half its actual area.

So 1/8 of the incident sunlight is typically available at the

ground

171 W/m2 on average(with no cloud and medium latitude){75-270

W/m2}
-Efficiency ranges from 20% to 40 %
Bangladesh gets solar radiation of average 4-6.2 KWh/m2/perday
Solar plant power(Energy produced over a
time)=Capacity(MWh)*Capacity factor*Time

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For more figures related to Renewable energy aspects in Bangladesh visit:

Renewable Energy information network, Bangladesh. http://www.lged-rein.org/

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Solar energy from the sun can be converted into electricity by means of photovoltaic
device, called PV in short. Sunlight is made of tiny packets of energy called photons.
These photons radiate out from the sun and they collide with a semiconductor on a
solar panel. It all happens at the speed of light. The solar panel is made of several
individual cells, each with a positive and a negative layer, which create an electric
field. It works something like a battery. So the photons strike the cell, and their energy
frees some electron in the semiconductor material. The electrons create an electric
current, which is harnessed by wires connected to the positive and negative sides of
the cell. The electricity is created is multiplied by the number of cells in each panel
and the number of panels in each solar array. Combined, a solar array can make large
amount of electricity.
-It produces clean energy
-It has no emissions
-It has no moving parts.
-It doesnt make any noise
-it doesnt need any water or fossil fuels to generate electricity.
-it can be located right where the power is needed or in the middle of nowhere or it
can be tied into the main electric grid.

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Concentrating solar power(CSP)

-uses the suns energy to create enough heat to generate electricity. It can
achieve temperatures in the range of 300 to 1000 c or even higher, which is
ideal for generating electricity via thermodynamic power cycle.
-Mirrors focus direct sunlight to produce very high temperatures that turn
water to steam.
-The steam spins the turbine, which drives an electric generator.
-CSP systems can store heat during the day, and then use it to make electricity
during cloudy periods, at night or whenever people need it.
-Concentrating solar power works best as large scale installations, that
provide electricity into main electric grid.
-There are four types of CSP technologies are available now:
1.Parabolic trough
2.Power Tower
3.Parabolic dish
4.Linear Fresnel reflectors(LFR)

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wind turbine power plant

Wind energy is form of solar energy which is produced because of the uneven
heating of the earth by the sun.

The main function i.e. converting wind energy into electrical energy
is done by wind turbine in the wind turbine power plant. Turbines
uses wind and generate electricity
It is mostly known today for electricity generation in all over the
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world. 2 MW of installed wind turbines
at Feni and Kutubdia.
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The Power of Wind

K.E. = (v)v2 = v3 (per square meter)
0.65v3 at sea level
A wind of 10 m/s (22 mph) has a power density of 610 W/m2
A wind of 20 m/s (44 mph) has a power density of 4,880 W/m2
Theoretical maximum performance is 59% of energy extracted
-corresponds to reducing velocity by 36%
Modern wind Turbines attain maybe 5070% of the theoretical maximum
0.50.7 times 0.59 is 0.300.41, or about 3040%
this figure is the mechanical energy extracted from the wind
Conversion from mechanical to electrical is 90% efficient
0.9 times 0.300.41 is 2737%

A typical windmill might be 15 m in diameter will have

176 m2
At 10 m/s wind, 40% efficiency, this delivers about 40 kW of power
this would be 320 kW at 20 m/s
typical windturbines are rated at 50 to 600 kW
How much energy per year?
10 m/s 610 W/m2 40% 240 W/m2 8760 hours per year 2,000
kWh per year per square meter
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engineering,KUET
but wind is intermittent: real range 11/23/15
from 100500
kWh/m2

How it Works(Wind Turbine power plant)

1.When wind flows over the wind blades, it starts the shaft(low speed) to rotate.
Blowing air passes around both sides of the blades. The shape of the blade causes the
air pressure to be uneven-higher on the one side and lower on the other side. Of the
blade. And thats what makes it spin. The uneven pressure causes the blades to spin
around the center of the turbine on the top, there is a weather vane that connected to
the computer to keep the turbine to turned into the wind so it captures the most energy.
Usually there are 2 to 3 blades. The blades are connected to main shaft(18rpm) of the
Hub .Hub and blades are altogether called Turbine or Rotor.So,Turbine uses wind
and generate electricity.
2.Hub is mounted on a main shaft, which is also meshed with another shaft(high
speed shaft,1800rpm), which is coupled to a generator. Here , main shaft is stepped
up(speed is increased) by gear mechanism.

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How it Works(Wind Turbine power plant)

3. Behind the turbine, there is an engine housing, which is called nacelle. It consists of
main shaft, gear mechanism,Sensors, generator. Nacelle is mounted on a tower to get
an optimum wind velocity. Nacelle are usually mounted on a 100ft or more feet above
the ground, where wind is faster and less turbulent. Sensors cause the top of the
turbine to rotate to face into the wind and the blades change their angle to best catch
the wind. The blades are flexible and stop spinning if the wind is strong. Large
turbine blade(L=more than 150ft) and higher tower means more electricity.
Nacelle contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator, controller,
and brake.
4. AC Generator is consists of a conductor, such as a coiled wire, that is surrounded
by magnets. The rotating shaft turns the magnets around the conductor and generates
an electrical current.

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4.AC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The

working of an AC generator is based on electromagnetic induction. Whenever
the flux passes through a circular insulated wire, an emf is induced in it, an
current begins to flow. The direction of induced emf is given by Flemings
right hand rule or LENZs law. The components of Ac generators are:
magnetic fields(Concave cylindrical pole),Armature, A current collecting
Arrangements(slip rings and Brushes).Armature is a soft iron core on which a
coil having a large number of turns of insulated copper wire is wound. The
concave pole produce a radial magnetic field. The ends of the armature are
connected to 2 slip rings. They rotate along with the coil. The slip rings are
made of metal and are insulated from each other.
As the armature rotates about an axis perpendicular to the magnetic field, it
keeps on changing its relative orientation with respect to the field. Thus the
flux keeps on changing continuously with time. This change in magnetic flux
induces an emf. If the outer terminals of the armature are connected to an
external circuit, an electric current flows through it.
5.There is a power line inside the tower to transmit the electricity.
6.An inverter converts electricity from DC to Ac.
7.A transformer in a Substation increases the voltage to transmit the
electricity over a long distance. Usually step-up transformer is used to
increase the voltage to transmit to main electricDepartment
grid. of Mechanical
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8.Electricity is delivered via a distribution
lines
.

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Assignment
1.Write a note on Bangladeshs First wind-solar hybrid power Unit at St.martins
island(Roll-1 to 30)
2 Write a note on wind turbine unit at Kutubdia Island.(Roll 61 to 90)
3.Feasibility Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic(PV) System in Bangladesh(Roll 31 to 60)
4.Feasibility analysis of CSP Technologies in Bangladesh.(Roll 90 to 120)

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Geothermal Power Plant

Geothermal energy is heat from deep in the earth. The heat is brought near
the surface by underground circulation of water and by the intrusion into
the earths crust of molten magma. The portion of geothermal energy that
can be developed easily is trapped in cavities beneath the earths surface.

A geothermal plant pumps the steam or hot water from these cavities to
the surface, uses it to run an electrical generator, then returns the fluids to
the underground cavities.

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There are several types of geothermal power technologies.i.e

(i) Dry Steam type plant(ii)Flash type plant (iii) Binary type plant
(Dry steam plants take steam out of fractures in the ground and uses it to directly
drive a turbine that spins a generator
(Generally, flash technologies are used when the geothermal resource has
temperatures of 350F and higher
(binary technologies are used with temperatures below 350F.
( In both technologies, the geothermal fluids are returned to the underground
reservoirs and naturally reheated for reuse

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In a flash steam process,

1.water from underground wells is separated (flashed) into steam and water. The water
is directly returned to the geothermal reservoir by injection wells, or cycled for other
process or agricultural uses before re-injection.
2. The steam is used to drive a turbine and generate electricity.
3. Any gases in the steam are removed and, if necessary, treated to remove dissolved
pollutants.
4.The steam is cooled to liquid form and then also reinjected into the geothermal
reservoir. For very high temperature resources, the water can be controlled to flash
more than once to recover even more energy from the same resource.

In a Binary plant:
1. The hot water from a geothermal source is used to heat a secondary working fluid,
such as ammonia or isobutane, in a closed-loop system.
2. 2 The working fluid is vaporized in a heat exchanger and is then used to drive a
turbine-generator.
3. A cooling system is used to condense the vaporized working fluid back into liquid
form to begin the process again.
4. The hot water from the geothermal resource is injected back into the reservoir.
** The hot water and the working fluid are kept separate, so that environmental issues
are minimal.
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Biomass: power from living things

Biomass fuel consists of plant material, manure, or any other organic

matter that is used as an energy source.
Fossil fuels can be thought of as biomass energy sources, although they
are nonrenewable.
Renewable biomass fuels, such as wood and dung, are major sources of
energy in developing countries.
More than half of all wood cut in the world is used as fuel for heating
and cooking.
Although materials like wood are a renewable resource, if trees are cut
down faster than they grow, the resulting habitat loss, deforestation, and
soil erosion can be severe.
In addition, harmful air pollution may result from burning wood and
dung.

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Assignment
1.Future Prospect of Biomass energy in Power generation in Bangladesh(Roll
1205001 to 1205060.)
2.Feasibility Analysis of geothermal energy in Bangladesh.(Roll 1205061 to
1205120.)

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Present power situation in Bangladesh

Installed Capacity

11,877 MW

Available Generation Capacity

8177.00 MW

Peak demand

10,283.00 MW

Anticipated Load shedding

2000.00 MW

% of people under electricity facility

56

Per capita electricity consumption

350 kwh

Transmission lines(400kV)
Transmission lines(230kV)
Transmission lines(132kV)

165 ckt.K.M.(circuit kilometers)

3172 ckt.K.M.
6359 ckt. K.M.

Distribution lines(33 kv and below)

40,603 k.M.

No. of Consumers

31,57,030

Present Installed Generation Capacity

Public sector

6,365 MW (54%)

Present Installed Generation Capacity

Private sector

5,512 MW (46%)
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Types of Power Plant in Bangladesh

Hydro 4 %
Diesel 8%
Gas Turbine 14 %
Combined cycle 24%
Steam turbine 50%

power generation by different Companies in bangladesh

Bangladesh power Development board(BPDB) 42.5%
Ashuganj Power station Company Ltd.(APSCL)7.85%
Electricity Generation Company of
bangladesh(EGCB)5.5%
others 8.9%
Independent power Producers(IPPs) 20.65%
Rental power Plants(3,5,15,Q)14.7%

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Energy Sources of power generation in Bangladesh.

Fuel type
Natural gas
Hydro water
Furnace Oil
Diesel
Coal
Imported
Total

Capacity(unit)
7474.00 MW
230.00 MW
2507.00 MW
916.00 MW
250.00 MW
500.00 MW
11877.00 MW

Fuel Consumptions pattern in power generation of Bangladesh

Natural Gas 62.93%

Hydro(water)1.94 %
Heavy furnace oil 21.11 %
coal 2.1 %
Diesel 7.71 %
imported 4.21%

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Presently, Bangladesh gas fields Company Ltd (BGFCL) and CHEVRON produces the major
portion of total daily gas production, 37.55% and 47.74% respectively.
Gas transmission Company ltd.(GTCL) has the capacity to transmit 4455 MMCFD(million cubic
feet per day)
In the gas distribution,Titas Gas Transmission and distribution company ltd.(TGTDCL) shares
the most number of percentages.
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As the price of natural gas, for example, is $1.1/G and $2/G, for power and industry
sectors respectively, the price of electricity is low $ .05/kW, whereas,the price in
India is $.07/kW

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Target Electricity Generation:

By the year of 2015:11,500 MW
By the year f 2021:20,000 MW
By the year of 2030:33,500 MW
Energy Resources for power generation (for future):
Domestic Coal and imported Coal based power Plants
Implementation of nuclear power plants in Ruppor,pabna
Availability of new gas fields both in offshore and onshore.
Supply of solar energy
** Growth f power generation capacity is estimated to be 10% every year and by the
year of 2021, the per capita electricity usage will be around 600 KWh.
Long term power generation Estimation:
Energy Sources

Present (%)

2021(%)

2030(%)

Gas

63

30

28

Coal

53

38

Oil(F/D)

29

Hydro

Nuclear

10

19

Renewable

3
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Capacity factor=actual energy you get from your power producing system(thermal
power plant, wind turbineplant,solar power plant, geothermal power Plant, biomass
,Hydroelectric plant) divided by the maximum energy(power) you get from the power
producing system when it runs on its maximum efficiency.
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The Generator(AC ) Principle

Loop of wire (conductor) rotates

within stationary magnetic field
this produces changing field
requirement
Brush contacts connect to rotating
loops and carry current to external
circuit
In practice, wire makes many
(thousands of) loops to get a larger
voltage
each loop adds to voltage
Simplest arrangement leads to
alternating current (AC)

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A way to provide high efficiency, safe low voltage

step-up to 500,000 V
step-down,
back to 5,000 V

~5,000 Volts

step-down to 120 V

High Voltage TransmissionDepartment

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Low Voltage to Consumers