SEJARAH FILSAFAT

Sejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan

Pemikiran filsafat banyak
dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan
Pd dasarnya filsafat (Barat, India,
Cina) muncul sifat yg religius
Di Yunani (mitos), India (Weda,
Hindu), Cina (confusius)
Barat: mitos diganti rasio
India: tidak pernah lepas
induknya Agama Hindu

Pembagian periodisasi filsafat

Barat zaman (Kuno, Abad
Pertengahan, Modern, Kini)
Pembagian periodisasi filsafat
Cina zaman (Kuno,
Pembaruan, Neo-Konfusionisme,
Modern)
Pembagian periodisasi filsafat
India periode (Weda,
Wiracarita, Sutra-Sutra, Skolastik)
Periode Filsafat Yunani sangat
penting menjadi acuan

Historisitas
Sejarah filsafat barat dibagi menjadi tiga,
yaitu zaman Yunani Kuno dengan ciri
pemikirannya bersifat kosmosentris
Zaman Pertengahan dengan ciri
pemikirannya yang bercorak teosentris
Zaman Modern dengan ciri pemikirannya
yang bercorak antroposentris
Zaman Kontemporer dengan ciri
pemikiran logosentris.

FILSAFAT

THEOLOGI

19M

ILMU CABANG

AGAMA
FILSAFAT

20M
FENOMENOLOGI
STRUKTURALISME
NEOPOSITIVISME

18M

ABAD KONTEMPORER

RASIONALISME
EMPIRISME
KRITISISME
IDEALISME
POSITIVISME

14-15M

AUFKLARUNG

14M

ABAD MODERN

RENAISSANCE

3SM - 6M

LOGOS

MITOS

6SM

ABAD TENGAH

ANCILLA
THEOLOGIAE

YUNANI - KUNO

FILSAFAT

FAKTOR HEURISTIK

BIOLOGI
ASTRONOMI
MATEMATIKA
FISIKA
KIMIA
SOSIOLOGI

KOMPUTER
PARIWISATA
DLL.

YUNANI KUNO
MITOS

..... - 6SM

LOGOS

3SM - 6M

FILSAFAT
Phylo
= menyenangi
Sophia
= bijaksana
MITOLOGI
Dongeng, Takhayul
Pertanyaan timbul
(ingin tahu)
DE-MITOLOGI
Dipikirkan
(secara kritis)
LOGOS
(ilmu)

Apakah ARCHE dari segala sesuatu yang ada ?

Thales (624 - 548 SM)

AIR
Anaximander (610 - 518 SM)

APEIRON
Anaximanes (590 - 518 SM)

UDARA
Phytagoras (580 - 500 SM)

BILANGAN
Demokritos (460 - 370 SM)

ATOM

SOCRATES (469 - 399SM)

Dialektika

PLATO (427 - 347 SM)

Rasionalisme

ARISTOTELES (384 - 322 SM)

Metafisika
Logika
Biologi
Empirisme

 Abad 6 SM 0 M
Periode Filsafat Yunani
Ahli filsafatnya Thales
Menggunakan pola
deduktif
Kemunculan ilmu sangat
berkembang

Abad 0 6 M
Periode Kelahiran Nabi
Isa
Pertentangan Gereja
Filsafat mengalami
kemunduran
Raja membatasi
kebebasan berfikir

ABAD PERTENGAHAN
ANCILLA THEOLOGIAE
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA
DOGMA

DOGMA

ABAD KEGELAPAN
BAGI ILMU PENGETAHUAN

DOGMA
DOGMA

DOGMA
DOGMA

PERMULAAN ABAD MODERN

RENAISSANCE
14 - 15 MASEHI

AUFKLARUNG
(PENCERAHAN)
18 MASEHI

LEONARDO DA VINCI
COPERNICUS
KEPLER
GALILEO GALILEI
FRANCIS BACON

VOLTAIRE
JJ. ROUSSEAU
MONTESQUIEU
IMMANUEL KANT

AGAMA DAN FILSAFAT MULAI DI PISAHKAN

AGAMA DI DASARI KEYAKINAN (KEIMANAN)
FILSAFAT DI DASARI OLEH OLAH PIKIR (SEKULARISASI)
RASIONALISME
EMPIRISME
KRITISISME
IDEALISME
POSITIVISME

TUMBUH ILMU-ILMU CABANG (MENINGGALKAN FILSAFAT)

BIOLOGI
ASTRONOMI
MATEMATIKA
FISIKA
KIMIA
SOSIOLOGI

SKEMA HUBUNGAN FILSAFAT DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN

perkembangan
Abad 6 M ditandai dengan runtuhnya mitologi
dan dongeng-dongeng.
Abad 6-16 M ditandai dengan kuatnya doktrin
teologis atau anciella theologia. Filsafat
digunakan untuk memperkuat keyakinan agama.
Abad 16 zaman modern yang ditandai dengan
renaissans merebaknya ilmu pengetahuan.
Abad 20 atau zaman pasca renaissans ditandai
dengan menguatnya pemikiran pasca modernis

Mythology
Aim of early Greek philosophers is to find
natural rather than supernatural explanations
for natural practices

Natural Philosophers
Nature of the physical world
Science
Thales 625BC 545BC Greek colony in Asia
Minor first know philosopher everything from
water single basic substance
Anaximander 610-546 BC all created things
are limited that which comes before and after
must be boundless - basic stuff could not be as
ordinary as water
Anaximenes 570-526 BC source of all things
must be air of vapour

Democritus
460-370 BC
everything was built up of tiny invisible blocks (p.
43)
Each block was eternal and immutable
firm and solid
not all the same different shapes and sizes
unlimited number
Called atoms, un-cuttable (p. 43)

How accurate is Democritus

theory to what we know today?
Atoms theory still exists
P. 84 the lego horse Platos idea of the
model plan World of ideas

Athens circa 450 BC

Cultural center of the Greek world. (p. 61)
Focus changed from natural philosophy to
the individual and the individuals place in
society. (p. 62)
Democracy evolved
Art of rhetoric saying things in a
convincing manner. (p. 62)

Prominent Philosophers
Sophist a wise and informed person (p. 62)
man and his place in society (p. 62)
No absolute norms for what was right or wrong. (p.
63)
Protogoras (485-410 BC) Man is the measure of all
things (p. 62)

Socrates
470-399 BC
there are norms
wrote nothing down
greatest influence on western thinking
taught in the city squares
known to us through Platos writings
we must use our reason to grasp
philosophical truths p. 65
feigned ignorance Socratic irony

Socrates
died because of his convictions

Plato
428-347 BC
Pupil of Socrates
theory of ideas
Myth of the cave
denies the reality of
the natural world
We must become
enlightened

Myth of the Cave

From The Republic
What we take in with our senses is not real,
but rather a poor copy of it we see only
shadows imprisoned by our senses the
shadows are less real than the actual
Should take in the world intellectually
Ignorance is likened to imprisonment

Plato and
Aristotle

Aristotle
384-322 BC
student of Plato
Elemental theory fire, water, wind, earth
Rejected Plato's world of ideas
Senses are important
Women as inferior

Medieval/Baroque
Machiavelli

1469-1527 control populace

politics, government - two books, The Prince
is still used today in politics (Stalin really liked
The Prince)
Spinoza 1632-1677 - in God (one
substance) tolerance and free thought
Rationalist Mystic
Hobbes 1588-1679 materialist natural
world political thinking - The Leviathan
The value or worth of a man is, as of all
things, his price.

THOMAS HOBBES
1588-1679

Alam semesta, segala yang ada, bersifat

korporeal, atau badani, yang memiliki dimensi
besaran panjang, lebar, dan kedalaman
Yang ada hanyalah materi,
Setiap benda bergerak, termasuk manusia,
adalah mesin
Proses mental merupakan gerakan materi yang
ada dalam kepala manusia.
Hobbes terpesona oleh gerak, khususnya
setelah mengunjungi Galileo.

 Locke

1632-1704 father of empiricism

and liberalism, education. All mankind is
good and ought not to harm one another.
No mans knowledge here can go beyond
his experiences.
Hume 1711-1776 nothing is certain
(complexity), empiricist, take actions because
of morals
Leibniz 1646 1716 rationalist
borrowed reality There is a reason why
every fact is as it is and not otherwise.
calculus (Leibniz or Newton)

Existentialism/Modernism

Kierkegaard 1813-1855 father of existentialism individual finds own identity a problem mystery of
own existence
deBeauvoir - 1908-1986 French existentialist
Sartre - feminism
Sartre 1905-1980 fate doesn't exist man is
what he conceives himself to be Hell is other
people.
Descartes 1596-1650 father of modern
philosophy method of doubt - Cogito ergo sum - I
think therefore I am.
Camus 1913-1960 French writer absurd that
humans demand significance in an indifferent
universe - Man is the only creature who refuses to
be what he is.

Senses or Reason
Empiricists

believe that we learn through

our senses; we learn based on observation,
experience ; we are born with a clean slate
(tabula rasa)
Rationalists believe one has to have an
understanding of ones self to learn Know
thyself; senses offer a limited world; rely on
truths, logic and intuition
Kant synthesized the two need reason and
the senses to learn