TASK BASED TECHNIQUE

TASK-BASED PRODUCTIVITY TECHNIQUES

• THERE ARE SEVEN TASK –BASED PRODUCTIVITY
TECHNIQUES ,WHICH ARE AS FOLLOWS-:
1. METHODS ENGINEERING/WORK
SIMPLIFICATION.
2. WORK MEASUREMENT.
3. JOB DESIGING.
4.JOB EVALUATION.
5.JOB SAFETY DESIGN.
6.HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING.
7.PRODUCTION SCHEDULING.
 Methods Engineering /Work Simplification

Methods engineering is a systematic

procedure to eliminate, combine, or
reduce the work content of tasks. Work
simplification is the same as methods
engineering, expect that it is usually done
by supervisors or workers after a brief
training period.
 Methods engineering/ Work simplification
involves six steps abbreviated SREDIM:
Select an operation
Review each of the tasks involved in the operation
Evaluated the alternating for eliminating combining,
or reducing the work content of the tasks
Develop an improved procedure to perform the
operation
Implement the new product
Maintain the new procedure until even a better
method is devised
 Five steps of methods engineering

• Steps one: SELECT

 Necessary
 Worth improving
 Probably given trouble
• Steps two: DESCRIBE
 Get all the facts about the present methods
 use work simplification tools
Chart an actual case on the job, don’t
depends on memory
• Steps three : ANALYZE
Keep an open mind
 procedure
In each substep
• First try to eliminate
• Next try to combine
• Then try to change sequence
• Lastly, try to simplify
Don’t leave this steps until all possibilities are exhausted

• Steps four: INNOVATE

 Try out all suggestions
 Develop agreement as to the “Best Way” as of today
 Make a chart and diagram of the new product
 Write up the suggestion for management
• Steps five: IMPLEMENT
 The step deals with the human problem
 Remember the two big difficulties in dealings
with people
i. Resentment of criticism
ii. Resistance to change
 A real sales job is required
 Your job is not completed until every is using the
new product
 Methods engineering there are certain principles

1. Operation should be performed with the simplest,

easiest, and fewest motions possible.
2. The two hands should being and end their motions at
the same time.
3. The two hands should never be idle at the same time,
except during rest time.
4. Motions of the and arms should be made in opposite
direction.
5. There should be a definite and fixed place for all tools
and materials.
 ‘WORK MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES’
It involves the measurement of work by placing a time value on
it.
It determines the time required to perform an operation by a
specified method under specified conditions of the workplace.
Work measurement resembles an explosive.
Work measurement takes three basic forms :
a. Stopwatch time study
b. Predetermined motion-time systems
c. Work sampling
Stopwatch time study :

The elements of an operation are timed by using a stopwatch, which

range from the mechanical to the electronical.
Standard time (ST) = NT (1 + PFD/100)

NOTE : PFD allowence refers to personal, fatigued and unavoidable

delay allowences
 Predetermined Motion-Time Systems :

Time standard is derived even before an operation

actually occurs.
This is accomplished by simulating the basic motions of
the various.
 Work Sampling :

Statistacally based technique to determine by direct observation the

proportions of total time devoted to various tasks of an observation.
Two types of work sampling :-

> conventional work sampling

> rated work sampling
 JOB DESIGN
JD involves three steps:
1. The specification of individual
task
2. The specification of the method
of performing each task.
3. The combination of task into
specific job to be assigned to
individual.
 Factor Affecting JD
Organizational Factors:
• Characteristic of task
• Work flow
• Ergonomics
• Work practices

Environmental Factors
• Employee abilities and availability
• Social and Cultural Expectation

Behavioral Factors
• Feedback
• Autonomy
• Use of Abilites
• Variety
 JOB DESIGN APPROCHES
• Job rotation
• Job Engineering
• Job Enlargement
• Job Enrichment
• Socio-technical system
 JOB EVALUTION

JOB EVALUTION IS ONE OF THE TASK RELATED TECHNIQUE FOR

IMPROVEMENT OF THE TOTAL PRODUCTIVITY OF AN
ORGANIZATION.

JOB EVALUATION IS CONCERED WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF

THE RELATIVE WORTH OF VARIOUS JOBS IN AN ORGANIZATION.
 TYPES OF METHODS OF JOB EVALUATION

THERE ARE TWO METHODS OF JOB EVALUATION ARE AS

FOLLOWS-:

 RANKING METHOD

 CLASSIFICATION METHOD
 RANKING METHOD
• THIS METHOD IS A NONQUANTITATIVE METHOD ,INVOLVING THE
FOLLOWING SIX STEPS:-

 CHOOSE A BROAD CATEGORY OF JOBS.

 LIST ALL JOBS BY JOB TITLE, WITH BACKUPJOB DESCRIPTIONS FOR EACH JOB.

 CHOOSE AN EVALUTION COMMITTEE.

 LIST THE JOBS FROM THE HIGHEST RANK TO THE LOWEST.

 COMPARE AND DISCUSS THE RANKS.

 ASSIGN WAGE RATES TO THE JOBS ACCORDING TO THE RANKS ARRIVED AT IN (5)STEP
 CLASSIFICATION(GRADE DESCRIPTION) METHOD

• THIS IS ALSO A NONQUANTITATIVE METHOD OF JOB

EVALUTION,INVOLVING THE FOLLOWING STEPS-:

 DEFINE A NUMBER OF CLASSES(OR GRADES) OF JOBS.

 APPOINT AN EVALUATION COMMITTEE.

 PLACE EACH JOB DESCRIPTION IN AN APPROPRIATE CLASS(GRADE).

 COMPARE THE JOBS IN EACH GRADE TO SEE WHETHER THEY REALLY

BELONG THERE ,OR SHOULD BE PLACED HIGHER OR LOWER.REPEAT
THIS METHOD UNTIL A CONSENSUS IS REACHED.
 Job Safety Design

Job safety design

Job safety design is aformal technique for
improving the safety aspect of a job.it includes all
job related consideration.a safe work place for an
operator is an important factor in maintaining a
positive attitude toward work.also a safe working
environment results in lower medical expenses
and higher productivity.in the united state , the
occupational safety and health act(osha) requires
that organizations have good safety programs and
keep accurate safety records.
• Provision of safety training to employees is one of the key factors that can
help prevent accidents. In fact it is a legal requirement as stipulated in
Section 6A 'General duties of a proprietor' under the Factories and
Industrial Undertakings Ordinance, and Section 6 'Employers to ensure
safety and health of employees' under the Occupational safety and Health
Ordinance. Also, the Education and Manpower Branch (1995) has spelled
out the importance of safety training through the Consultation Paper on
the Review of Industrial Safety in Hong Kong. The Consultation Paper
which represents the Government’s view proposes Hong Kong to move
forward to a self-regulatory safety management approach from the
current enforcement approach for the purpose of effective prevention of
accidents. The Paper suggests the proposed safety management system
to include six components, two of which are related to safety training, that
is, (i) general safety training for all workers, and (ii) specific training for
workers engaged in hazardous trades or processes.
 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA
• The principle of JHA technique is based on a step-by-step hazard
analysis, enabling to provide employees with a step-by-step guide
for performing each job step safely and efficiently. JHA is one of the
management tools often used in the fields of job safety training and
accident prevention. It is also one of the 14 key process elements of
a safety management system under the proposed Factories and
Industrial Undertakings (Safety Management) Regulations drafted by
the Government in 1996, subsequent to the Consultation Paper
(1995).
•  
• JHA aims to look for all of the hazards associated with a job that may
affect the worker’s safety and health as well as the environment.
 5 steps in JHA..
• Select the appropriate job for hazard analysis (with respect to nature of
work and the priority set).
• List all the steps necessary to perform the job (based on work study
technique).
• Identify all hazards associated with the job by examining every job step
critically.
• Develop risk control measures for all the hazards so identified.
• Integrate the risk control measures with the job steps together to form
the job’s standard operation procedures (SOP). SOP can only be
developed through a team of knowledgeable and experienced personnel
including the work study engineer, supervisor, and safety & health
professionals.
 
 Human Factors Engineering (Ergonomics)

Definition- Ergonomics is defined as the science of

fitting the job to the worker & adapting the work
environment to the needs of human
It is derived from the Greek word “ergo” meaning
“work” & “namos” meaning “laws” thus laws of work
Components of Ergonomics – It deals with the
instruction of technological & work situation of the
human being embodying the anatomic, physiologic &
psychologic principles
 Contd…..
• Anatomy – contribution of anatomy lies in improving
the physical fit between people & the things they
use, ranging from hand tools to aircraft design
• Physiology – it supports two main technical areas:-
Work physiology-address the energy
requirements of the body & sets standards for
acceptable physical work rate & work load
Environmental physiology-analyse the impact of
physical working conditions
• Psychology-concerned with human information
processing & decision making capabilities
Objective - objective of this technique is to properly balance
task and machine /equipment requirements against an
operators anatomical, physiological, perceptual and
information processing capabilities.
Purpose – this technique is concerned with a multidisciplinary
activities of designing human equipment interface to match
the human capacities with his/her physical work environment
Main goal – to improve an employees capability to their job
safely & with high quality in a productive manner by looking at
the effects of environment, tools, machines & products
 Application of ergonomics
Visual display design - in automobiles, airplanes, space
vehicles, machine tools & indeed wherever there are
control panels or instrumentation
Design of workplace for persons with physical
disabilities
Design of workplace in offices with VDTs(visual display
terminals) or VDUs(video display units) that involve
work processing ,interactive communication,
programming & computer aided design(CAD)/computer
aided manufacturing(CAM) activities
 Importance of Ergonomics
Ergonomic design is essentially the study of design
& layout of furniture in the workplace design’s & in
the home
It is designed by looking how the human body
interacts with its surrounding environment when
performing certain daily activities or tasks
The use of ergonomic design include the use of ergo
tools, chairs, lights & even take into consideration
noise or the air quality of the environment
 Contd…….
The underlying idea of an ergonomically
designed space is that it is a peaceful &
comfortable environment for work or daily life
A well managed & ergonomically designed
office can improve the quality of employees
lives & increase efficiency & productivity
An ergonomic designed product implies that
the device bends smoothly with a persons body
or action
 PRODUCTION SCHEDULING
• Planning for sequencing and timing the work.
• It is also called operations scheduling.
• It is a systematic and formal process for:
Equipment assignment,
Labor assignment,
Materials assignment and
Customer’s job assignment
• Primary objective: to have the right materials,
Parts, documents and other necessary items
at the right place at the right time.
• Strike a balance between the extreme
situations—too much or too little
• Excessive amount of inventories—excessive
holding costs.
• Insufficient amount---hindrance in production
or even stopped.
 The khanban or “just-in-time”
• Just –in-time(JIT) production scheduling
---developed by the Toyota Motor company of
Japan
• Received widespread attention from academia
and practitioners.
• Positive effect on labor productivity (Japanese
diesel engine)
• High quality of parts and subassemblies
should be available at the work station only
when needed.
• JIT states that—vendor should be in relatively
close proximity to the assembly plant.
• SEQUENCING………….
Shortest processing time (SPT) rule and the
first-come –first-served (FCFS) rule.
THANK YOU..........