CHAPTER 2 TELEPHONE

TRANSMISSION
SYED AHSAN RAZAS
SYED AHSAN RAZA

Telephone Transmission-PSTN
Telephone Set/Subset, Hand Set (HS)
Transmitter (Mouthpiece)
Receiver (Earpiece)
Side Tone
Ringer
Dial

Subscriber Loop
The pair of wires connecting the subscriber to the local switch that serves
him/her is Subscriber Loop
Wire pair typically supplying metallic path for following
Talk battery for telephone transmitter
AC ringing voltage for bell on telephone instrument supplied from a special ringing
source voltage
Current to flow through the loop when telephone instrument is off hook
Telephone dial which when operated makes and break the dc current on the closed loop

Subscriber Loop

Subscriber Loop Length Limits

Limit
Attenuation Limit
Signaling Limit

Subscriber Loop Length Limits

Extending Loop Length
Coarser gauge cable
Amplifiers in Circuit, VF repeater, Electrical center
Carrier Transmission
Radio Transmission
Optical Fiber

Two Wire / Four Wire Transmission

Two Wire Transmission
Oppositely directed portions of a single telephone conversation
Occurs over the same transmission channel or path

Four Wire Transmission

Oppositely directed portions of a single telephone conversation
Occurs over the separate transmission channels or paths or using exclusive
time periods/slots

Telephone Instrument
Modern Telephone set consists of
Transmitter (Mouthpiece)
Receiver (Earpiece)
Electrical network for equalization
Side tone circuitry
Devices for signaling and supervision

Design Challenges for Telephone Handset- 500

type set
Set connected to two wire loop but still needs to separate
transmit signal from the receive signal through different paths
Some transmitted signal power has to be diverted to receiver
to create side tone
Transmitter has to be fed dc current from the loop
Receiver has to be isolated from this current

Design Challenges for Telephone Handset- 500

type set
Set has to present low dc resistance to the loop for
activating supervisory circuitry to detect off hook scenario
AC impedance of the set has to match the large loop
impedance so that efficient coupling can be ensured
between set and the loop
Set has to interface with a wide variety of loops without
any need for customized adjustment

Designed Mechanism

Single Transformer Hybrid

Designed Mechanism
3 winding transformer serves as a four wire to two
wire hybrid to satisfy first requirement
Side tone generated as an echo by purposely
mismatching the hybrid
Capacitors isolate the receiver from the direct current
Varistors help in interfacing the set to variety of loops

Transmitters in Telephone
Instrument
Transmitters convert acoustic energy into electrical energy by
means of carbon granule transmitter
Transmitter requires DC potential usually 3-5 V usually
supplied over the line from the switch
Current from battery flows through the carbon granules or
grains when telephone is off hook

Transmitters in Telephone
Instrument
When sound impinges on diaphragm of transmitter, variations
of air pressure are transferred to the carbon
Resistance of electrical path through the carbon changes in
proportion to the pressure

Transmitters in Telephone
Instrument
A pulsating direct current results
The frequency response of carbon transmitter peaks
between 800 and 1000 Hz

Receivers in Telephone Instrument

Typical receiver consists of

Diaphragm of magnetic material placed in a steady magnetic field supplied by a

permanent magnet
Varying magnetic field caused by voice currents flowing through the voice coils

Such voice currents are alternating in nature and originate at far end
telephone transmitter
Currents vary the magnetic field, making diaphragm respond to variations
and producing acoustic pressure wave

Speech Signal

Speech signal arriving at the local switch has energy concentrated in the
band 100-5000 Hz
Combined result of
Characteristics of human voice
Band limiting introduced typical telephone set and subscriber loop

Bandwidth is much wider than the intelligibility desired

Filters in multiplex equipment constrain it to 300-3400 Hz for the standard
CCITT voice channel

Speech Signal
Speech energy hard to measure because of speaker
pauses between phrases and sentences
Speech energy concentrated in spurts of about 1 s
average duration separated by gaps of a second or so
Speech signal consists of randomly spaced bursts of
energy of random duration

Speech Signal

Operation of a Hybrid
Hybrid is a transformer
Maybe viewed as a power splitter with four sets of pair wire connections
Two of these wire pair connections belong to transmit and receive pair
The third pair is the connection to the two wire line to the subscriber subset
(L)
The last wire pair connects the hybrid to a resistance capacitance balancing
network which electrically balances the hybrid with the two wire connection

Operation of a Hybrid

Subscriber Loop Design

Subscriber Loop Design

Maximum attenuation limit is normally set as 8 dB

Maximum resistance in subscriber loop is a function of the type of serving

switch installed
This value is 1500 Ohms for some switches and can be as high as 2400 ohm
From this value a budgetary value for telephone subset resistance has to be
subtracted i.e. 400 Ohm
To find the next maximum resistance allowed on the circuit we subtract 400
from 1500 Ohm i.e. 1100 Ohm

Subscriber Loop Design-Calculation of

Resistance Limit
To calculate dc loop resistance for copper conductors
following formula is applicable

Where R dc =loop resistance (Ohm/mi) and

d=diameter of the conductor (inches)

Subscriber Loop Design-Calculation of

Resistance Limit

Subscriber Loop Design-Calculation of

Resistance Limit

Subscriber Loop Design-Calculation of

Resistance Limit

Subscriber Loop Design

For efficient operation,
Traditional North American 500 type subset requires at least 23 mA for
efficient operation

Another design consideration is attenuation or loss

The attenuation of wire pair used on telephone loop varies with

Frequency
Resistance
Inductance
Capacitance
Leakage conductance

Subscriber Loop Design

Resistance of line will depend on temperature
With open wire lines, attenuation of line may vary by
12% between winter and summer
For buried cables loss variations are much less

Subscriber Loop Design

Subscriber Loop Design

Loading

Line Build-Out

ITU-T Interface
Maximum Number of Links in Tandem

Adding links in tandem introduces transmission

impairments like noise, jitter and reduced bit error rate

Link is defined as trunk connectivity between adjacent

switches

Limit on Links in Tandem

Four links in the originating country

Four links in the international portion

Four links in the terminating country

Limit on Links in Tandem

Lines Vs Trunks

Tandem Switches

Hierarchical Public Switched Network