BRAHMAGUPTA

Born

598 CE

Died

c.670 CE

Residence

Bhinmal, present day Rajasthan, India

Fields

Mathematics, astronomy

Knownfor

Zero, modern number system

LIFE AND WORK

In the Brhmasphuasiddhnta verses 7 to 8 of chapter XXIV state that Brahmagupta composed this text at the age
of 30 in aka 550 (= 628 CE) during the reign of King Vyghramukha, we can thus gather that he was born in
598. Commentators refer to him as a great scholar from Bhillamala, a city in the state of Rajasthan of present-day
Northwest India.In ancient times Bhillamala (modern Bhinmal) was the seat of power of the Gurjars. His father was
Jisnugupta. He likely lived most of his life in Bhillamala during the reign (and possibly under the patronage) of King
Vyaghramukha. As a result, Brahmagupta is often referred to as Bhillamalacharya, that is, the teacher from
Bhillamala. He was the head of the astronomical observatory at Ujjain, and it was during his tenure there that he
wrote his two surviving treatises, both on mathematics and astronomy: the Brahmasphutasiddhanta in 628, and
the Khandakhadyaka in 665. TheBrahmasphutasiddhanta (Corrected Treatise of Brahma) is arguably his most
famous work. The historian al-Biruni (c. 1050) in his book Tariq al-Hind states that the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun
had an embassy from India, and a book was brought to Baghdad which was translated into Arabic as Sindhind. It is
generally presumed that Sindhind is none other than Brahmagupta's Brahmasphuta-siddhanta.
Although Brahmagupta was familiar with the works of astronomers following the tradition of Aryabhatiya, it is not
known if he was familiar with the work of Bhaskara I, a contemporary.Brahmagupta had a plethora of criticism
directed towards the work of rival astronomers, and in his Brahmasphutasiddhanta is found one of the earliest
attested schisms among Indian mathematicians. The division was primarily about the application of mathematics to
the physical world, rather than about the mathematics itself. In Brahmagupta's case, the disagreements stemmed
largely from the choice of astronomical parameters and theories. Critiques of rival theories appear throughout the
first ten astronomical chapters and the eleventh chapter is entirely devoted to criticism of these theories, although no
criticisms appear in the twelfth and eighteenth chapters.
His works in mathematics

ALGEBRA
Brahmagupta gave the solution of the general linear equation in chapter eighteen of Brahmasphutasiddhanta,
The difference between rupas, when inverted and divided by the difference of the unknowns, is the unknown in
the equation. The rupas are [subtracted on the side] below that from which the square and the unknown are to
be subtracted.
which is a solution for the equation equivalent to , where rupas refers to the constants c ande. He further gave
two equivalent solutions to the general quadratic equation
18.44. Diminish by the middle [number] the square-root of the rupas multiplied by four times the square and
increased by the square of the middle [number]; divide the remainder by twice the square. [The result is] the
middle [number].
18.45. Whatever is the square-root of the rupas multiplied by the square [and] increased by the square of half
the unknown, diminish that by half the unknown [and] divide [the remainder] by its square. [The result is] the
unknown.
which are, respectively, solutions for the equation equivalent to,
and
He went on to solve systems of simultaneous indeterminate equations stating that the desired variable must
first be isolated, and then the equation must be divided by the desired variable's coefficient. In particular, he
recommended using "the pulverizer" to solve equations with multiple unknowns.
18.51. Subtract the colors different from the first color. [The remainder] divided by the first [color's coefficient]
is the measure of the first. [Terms] two by two [are] considered [when reduced to] similar divisors, [and so on]
repeatedly. If there are many [colors], the pulverizer [is to be used].

zero
Brahmagupta's Brahmasphuasiddhanta is the first book that mentions zero as a number,hence
Brahmagupta is considered the first to formulate the concept of He gave rules of using zero with
negative and positive numbers. Zero plus a positive number is the positive number and negative number
plus zero is a negative number etc. TheBrahmasphutasiddhanta is the earliest known text to treat zero
as a number in its own right, rather than as simply a placeholder digit in representing another number as
was done by the Babylonians or as a symbol for a lack of quantity as was done by Ptolemy and the
Romans. In chapter eighteen of his Brahmasphutasiddhanta, Brahmagupta describes operations on
negative numbers. He first describes addition and subtraction,
18.30. [The sum] of two positives is positives, of two negatives negative; of a positive and a negative [the
sum] is their difference; if they are equal it is zero. The sum of a negative and zero is negative, [that] of a
positive and zero positive, [and that] of two zeros zero.

18.32. A negative minus zero is negative, a positive [minus zero] positive; zero [minus zero] is zero.
When a positive is to be subtracted from a negative or a negative from a positive, then it is to be
added.He goes on to describe multiplication,
18.33. The product of a negative and a positive is negative, of two negatives positive, and of positives
positive; the product of zero and a negative, of zero and a positive, or of two zeros is zero.

PYTHAGORAS TRIPLET
In chapter twelve of his Brahmasphutasiddhanta, Brahmagupta provides a formula
useful for generating Pythagorean triples:
12.39. The height of a mountain multiplied by a given multiplier is the distance to a
city; it is not erased. When it is divided by the multiplier increased by two it is the leap
of one of the two who make the same journey.
Or, in other words, if d = mx/(x + 2), then a traveller who "leaps" vertically upwards a
distance d from the top of a mountain of height m, and then travels in a straight line to
a city at a horizontal distance mx from the base of the mountain, travels the same
distance as one who descends vertically down the mountain and then travels along the
horizontal to the city.Stated geometrically, this says that if a right-angled triangle has a
base of length a = mx and altitude of length b = m + d, then the length, c, of its
hypotenuse is given by c = m (1+x) d. And, indeed, elementary algebraic
manipulation shows thata2 + b2 = c2 whenever d has the value stated. Also,
if m and x are rational, so are d, a, b and c. A Pythagorean triple can therefore be
obtained from a, b and c by multiplying each of them by the least common multiple of
their denominators.

GEOMETRY
Brahmagupta's formula
Main article: Brahmagupta's formula
Brahmagupta's most famous result in geometry is his formula for
cyclic quadrilaterals . Given the lengths of the sides of any cyclic quadrilateral,
Brahmagupta gave an approximate and an exact formula for the figure's area,
12.21. The approximate area is the product of the halves of the sums of the sides
and opposite sides of a triangle and a quadrilateral. The accurate [area] is the
square root from the product of the halves of the sums of the sides diminished by
[each] side of the quadrilateral.
So given the lengths p, q, r and s of a cyclic quadrilateral, the approximate area
is while, letting , the exact area is
Although Brahmagupta does not explicitly state that these quadrilaterals are cyclic,
it is apparent from his rules that this is the case. Heron's formula is a special case
of this formula and it can be derived by setting one of the sides equal to zero.

PIE
In verse 40, he gives values of ,
12.40. The diameter and the square of the radius
[each] multiplied by 3 are [respectively] the practical
circumference and the area [of a circle]. The accurate
[values] are the square-roots from the squares of
those two multiplied by ten.
So Brahmagupta uses 3 as a "practical" value of ,
and as an "accurate" value of .

TRIGNOMENTRY
In Chapter 2 of his Brahmasphutasiddhanta, entitled Planetary True
Longitudes, Brahmagupta presents a sine table:
2.2-5. The sines: The Progenitors, twins; Ursa Major, twins, the Vedas; the
gods, fires, six; flavors, dice, the gods; the moon, five, the sky, the moon; the
moon, arrows, suns .
Here Brahmagupta uses names of objects to represent the digits of place-value
numerals, as was common with numerical data in Sanskrit treatises.
Progenitors represents the 14 Progenitors ("Manu") in Indian cosmology or 14,
"twins" means 2, "Ursa Major" represents the seven stars of Ursa Major or 7,
"Vedas" refers to the 4 Vedas or 4, dice represents the number of sides of the
tradition die or 6, and so on. This information can be translated into the list of
sines, 214, 427, 638, 846, 1051, 1251, 1446, 1635, 1817, 1991, 2156, 2312, 1459,
2594, 2719, 2832, 2933, 3021, 3096, 3159, 3207, 3242, 3263, and 3270

ASTRONOMY
It was through the

Brahmasphutasiddhanta that the Arabs learned

of Indian astronomy.Edward Saxhau stated that "Brahmagupta, it
was he who taught Arabs astronomy". The famous Abbasid caliph
Al-Mansur (712775) foundedBaghdad, which is situated on the
banks of the Tigris, and made it a center of learning. The caliph
invited a scholar ofUjjain, by the name of Kankah, in 770 CE.
Kankah used the Brahmasphutasiddhanta to explain the Hindu
system of arithmetic astronomy. Muhammad al-Fazari translated
Brahmugupta's work into Arabic upon the request of the caliph.
In chapter seven of his Brahmasphutasiddhanta, entitled Lunar
Crescent, Brahmagupta rebuts the idea that the Moon is farther
from the Earth than the Sun, an idea which is maintained in
scriptures. He does this by explaining the illumination of the Moon
by the Sun.
Some of the important contributions made by Brahmagupta in
astronomy are: methods for calculating the position of heavenly
bodies over time (ephemerides), their rising and setting,
conjunctions, and the calculation of solar and lunareclipses.

TOPIC -BRAHMAGUPTA

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VIII-B1