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Chapter 7:
Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curves in Streams
Quote
Concepts
Introduction
Input sources
Mathematical Model
Sensitivity analysis
Limitations
Chemical process:
MOs consume DO
Physical process:
Re-aeration by
atmosphere
Introduction
BOD
time
Introduction
Human Risks
Challenge of preventing rapid spead of disease
e.g. typhoid fever (bacteria), hepatitis (viruses),
cryptosporidosis (protozoa)
Removed by sand filtration and
chlorination/ozonation
Aquatic Risks
Aerobic organisms depend on DO
8-12 mg L-1
Affected by temperature and salt
without trmt:
with trmt:
End
Review
CHEM3500/3550
ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/pollutant_fate/
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Tw-Z/Wastewater-Treatment-and-Management.html
Movie
1. Wastewater Treatment and Discharge (2000)
2. Wastewater Generation and Collection (2000)
3. Our Urban Environment: Water Quality (2000)
End
Review
Mathematical Model
Take a river: What parameters and processes would be important in
developing a model for the oxidation of organic waste?
our model river: draw in parameters
Amount DO consumed
Re-aeration by atmosphere
Consumption DO by MOs
Ultimate BODLof mix
Stream DO deficit
where:
Re-aeration by atmos. O2
BOD5
1 exp(-k(x/v))
Minimum D = critical
dissolved oxygen = Dc
ln k2 1 D0(k2-k)
k2 k
k BODL
and xc = vtc
k BODL exp(-k(xc/v))
k2
Problem
Example Problem: A city discharges 25 million gallons per day of domestic
sewage into a stream whose typical rate of flow is 250 cubic feet per second.
The velocity of the stream is appoximately 3 miles per hour. The temperature
of the sewage is 21 C, while that of the stream is 15 C. The 20 C BOD5 of
the sewage is 180 mg/L, while that of the stream is 1.0 mg/L. The sewage
contains no DO, but the stream is 90% saturated upstream of the discharge.
At 20 C, k is estimated to be 0.34 per day while k2 is 0.65 per day.
1. Determine Dc and its location.
2. Estimate the 20 C BOD5 of a sample taken at xc.
3. Plot the curve.
Temperature of mixture:
T = stream input + sewage input output effect
0 = (stream flow)(stream temp.) + (sewage flow)( sewage temp) (mix flow)(mix temp)
0 = (612 x 106 L/d)(15 C) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(20 C) (612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d)Tmix
Tmix = (612 x 106 L/d)(15 C) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(20 C) = 15.7 C
(612 x 106 L/d +94.8 x 106 L/d)
DO in mixture
Net change in DO = Stream input + Sewage output Output
0 = (stream flow)(stream DO) + (sewage flow)(sewage DO) (mix flow)(mix DO)
0 = (612 x 106 L/d)(9.2 mg/L) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(0.0) - (612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d)(Domix)
DOmix = (612 x 106 L/d)(9.2 mg/L) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(0.0 mg/L)
(612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d)
= 7.97 mg/L
BOD5 of mixture:
Net change in BOD5 = BOD5 = Stream input + Sewage output Output
0 = (stream flow)(stream BOD5) + (sewage flow)(sewage BOD5) (mix flow)(mix BOD5)
0 = (612 x 106 L/d)(1.0 mg/L) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(80 mg/L) - (612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d)
(BOD5)
BOD5mixture = (612 x 106 L/d)(1.0 mg/L) + (94.8 x 106 L/d)(80 mg/L) = 25.0 mg/L
(612 x 106 L/d + 94.8 x 106 L/d)
BODL of mixture (at 20 C)
BODL =
BOD5
1 exp(-k(x/v)
= 25.0 mg/L
= 30.6 mg/L
1 exp(-0.34/d)(5 d)
1
k2 k
ln k2
k
1 D0(k2-k)
k BODL
= 2.42 d
xc = vtc = 3 mi/h x 24 h/d x 2.42 d = 174.2 mi = 280 km
5. Determine Dc:
5. Determine Dc:
V = 3 mi/h = 72 mi/d
Dc =
k BODL exp(-k(xc/v)
k2
= 0.197 d-1
(30.6 mg/L) exp(-(0.197 d-1)(174.2 mi / 72 mi d-1)))
0.587 d-1
= 6.37 mg L-1
The DO will be depressed 6.37 mg L-1 from saturation.
Minimum DO = 9.2 mg L-1 - 6.37 mg L-1 = 2.83 mg L-1
= BOD5 [1 exp(-k)(5)]
= 19.0 mg L-1 [1 exp(-0.34 d-1)(5 d)] = 15.5 mg L-1
Easier method
Use Fate!!!
Much easier than by hand
End
Review
Sensitivity Analysis
Limitations
Remediation
End
Review
Further Reading
Journals and Reports
Wipple, G.C. and Wipple, M.C. (1911) Solubility of oxygen in sea
water. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 3 pp 362.
Books
Craun, G. (1986) Waterborne Diseases in the United States. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Meadows, D., Randers, J., and Meadows, D. (2004) Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update.
Chelsea Gren Publishing Compnay, White River Junction, VT.
Metcalf and Eddy Inc. (1991) Wastewater Engineering, 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Sawyer, C.N. and McCarty, P.L. (1978) Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. McGrawHill, New York.
Snoeyink, V.L. and Jenkins, D. (1980) Water Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Ed. (1998) American
Waterworks Association, Washington D.C.
Streeter, H.W. and Phelps, E.B. (1925) A Study of the Pollution and natural Purification of
the Ohio River. United States Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education
and Welfare.
Tchobanoglous, G. and Burton, F.L. (1991) Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal,
and Reuse. McGraw-Hill, New York.