METABOLISME

KARBOHIDRAT

METABOLISME KARBOHIDRAT
Jalur katabolisme :
1. Glikolisis, pengubahan
membutuhkan oksigen.

glukosa

menjadi

piruvat

dan

ATP

2. Glikogenolisis, pengubahan glikogen menjadi glukosa.

3. Jalur pentosa fosfat, pembentukan NADPH dari glukosa.
4. Respirasi aerobik (pengubahan asam piruvat menjadi CO2 dan H2O)
5. Transpor elektron
6. Fosforilasi oksidatif
7. Respirasi anaerobik
8. Daur Cori
9. Fermentasi asam laktat
10. Fermentasi etanol

tanpa

METABOLISME KARBOHIDRAT
Jalur anabolisme :
Glikogenesis, pembentukan glikogen dari glukosa.
Glukoneogenesis, pembentukan glukosa dari senyawa organik
lain.
Fotosintesis, pembentukan karbohidrat dalam sel tumbuhan
dengan bantuan sinar matahari.
Siklus Calvin dan fiksasi karbon.

GLIKOLISIS

Definisi : Glikos-lysis (pelarutan gula)

Penguraian molekul glukosa menghasilkan 2 molekul asam piruvat melalui 10 tahap
enzimatik.

Glikolisis merupakan lintas universal pada semua organisme

Tiga jalur penting yang dilalui piruvat setelah glikolisis :
1. Degradasi aerobik glukosa menjadi CO2 dan H2O melalui asetil-KoA (siklus
asam sitrat)
2. Reduksi asam piruvat menjadi asam laktat (Fermentasi asam laktat)
3. Degradasi anaerobik glukosa menjadi etanol dan CO2 (fermentasi alkohol)

Glikolisis melibatkan pemakaian dan pelepasan ATP sebagai

sumber energi.
Reaksi keseluruhan :
Glukosa + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+

2Piruvat + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O

GLIKOLISIS
Glycolysis is a central metabolic
pathway involving metabolism of the
sugar glucose. Figure 13.3 shows an
overview of the process, being divided
into a phase in which ATP energy is
invested (see here) and a phase in
which ATP energy is generated (see
here). The starting point for glycolysis
is the molecule glucose and the
process ends with formation of two
pyruvate
molecules.
Additional
products of glycolysis include two
ATPs and two NADHs. There are ten
steps to glycolysis. Most instructors
require students to memorize the
molecular structures and enzyme
names for each reaction of glycolysis,
because it is such a universally
important pathway.

10 tahap glikolisis

3 jalur katabolik glikolisis

Glukosa
10 tahap enzimatik
2 piruvat
Kondisi anaerobik

Kondisi anaerobik

Kondisi aerobik

2 etanol + CO2

O2

CO2

2 asetil-KoA

4CO2 + 4H2O

2 asam laktat

2 fase energi dalam proses glikolisis

The process of glycolysis requires ATP energy input

before ATP and NADH energy can be released. This
breaks glycolysis into two phases - an energy input
phase (reactions 1-5) and an energy release phase
(reactions 6-10). The energy input phase includes two
reactions (hexokinase and phosphofructokinase),
each where ATP is used.

Because there are two molecules of G3P per molecule

of glucose, there is a total of two molecules of NADH
formed per molecule of glucose.

1,3BPG and PEP are phosphorylated compounds, each

with a phosphoryl group that has a free energy higher
than that of the phosphate on ADP. Thus 1,3BPG and
PEP can transfer a phosphoryl group to ADP to form
ATP. This is called substrate level phosphorylation
and it yields four molecules of ATP per molecule of
glucose in the energy releasing phase of glycolysis.
Thus, the 10 reactions of glycolysis generate two net
molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose

GLIKOGENOLISIS

The breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) requires two enzymes,

glycogen phosphorylase and ( 1,4 -> 1,4) glucantransferase (a "
Debranching Enzyme").
Glycogen
phosphorylase
catalyzes
the
phosphorolytic cleavage of (1->4) bonds, generating glucose-1-phosphate
in the process. The branch points of glycogen are comprised of (1->6)
bonds, however and glycogen phosphorylase does not cleave within
four glucose units of an (1->6) bond. Instead, the debranching enzyme,
transfers three of the four glucoses to another branch and hydrolytically
cleaves the remaining glucose as free glucose.

Glycogen phosphorylase is present in two forms, glycogen

phosphorylase a (the active form) and glycogen phosphorylase b (the
relatively inactive form). Phosphorylase a is phosphorylated at a serine
residue whereas phosphorylase b is not The two forms are interconverted
by phosporylase b kinase (which puts phosphates on) or a phosphatase
(which takes phosphates off).

Pemutusan ikatan
(1,4)-glikosidik
oleh glikogen
fosforilase yang
dilanjutkan oleh
aktivitas (1,6)glukosidase dalam
proses
glikogenolisis

G
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Siklus Asam Sitrat

Elektron Transport/ Fosforilasi Oksidatif