Credit scoring model
By
Batchu Satish
What is credit scoring?
Credit scoring can be formally defined as a statistical
method that is used to predict the probability that a loan
applicant or existing borrower will default or become
delinquent.
It is a systematic method for evaluating credit risk that
provides a consistent analysis of the factors that have been
determined to cause or affect the level of risk.
The objective of credit scoring is to help credit providers
quantify and manage the financial risk involved in
providing credit so that they can make better lending
decisions quickly and more objectively.
Credit scoring
Credit scoring was primarily dedicated to assessing
individuals who were granted loans, both existing and new
customers.
Credit analysts, based on pre-determined scores, reviewed
customers credit history and creditworthiness to minimize
the probability of delinquency and default.
Credit scoring process includes collecting, analyzing and
classifying different credit elements or variable to assess
the credit decision.
Some times credit score will help us to identify the
corporate bankruptcy.
Variables included to Build credit
score(CIBIL)
Payment History
Making late payments, defaulting EMI s or dues shows trouble and
will give negative affect to the score
High utilization of credit limits
Increase current balance of credit limit is affect the credit score
adverse.
Higher percentage of unsecured loans
instead have unsecured loans, having both secured and unsecured
loans will show positive affect for credit score.
Many new accounts opened recently
Having multiple loans and credit cards will increase the debt burden and it
negatively impact on credit score.
Proportion of variable in credit
scoring
10
35
25
30
payment history
Credit limit
Types of loans
new credit
Performance chart to Identify cut-off
score
Credit scoring Models life cycle
A standard life cycle model for credit scoring designed on
the basis of A-IRB approach(BASEL II capital requirement)
Life cycle of any model is defined three phases i.e.
assessment, implementation and validation.
Model assessment
In order to develop credit scoring model we need past
behavior of client data, so that we can assess the
Probability of default or non-default.
If past details of client and sufficient data is available we
go for empirical model, it is used for existing clients.
If past data is not available, new client, an expert or
generic model is suitable for solution.
Model Implementation
It allows the banks to implement automated decision system
to manage their retail client
In implemented process the main task for credit manager is
to define most appropriate and efficient threshold/ cut-off to
credit model
To maximize the benefit of scoring model, cut-off should be
set taking into account of all misclassification accounts of
Type-I and Type-II errors.
Model validation
Back testing and benchmarking are two important aspects in
scoring model validation.
With the back testing credit analyst identify the calibration
and discrimination of scoring model.
Benchmarking is another quantitative validation method
which aims at assessing the consistency of the estimated
scoring models with those obtained using other estimation
techniques, and potentially using other data sources.
This analysis maybe quite difficult to perform for retail
portfolios given the lack of generic benchmarks in the
market
Development of credit scoring
models over a period of time
Methodology
Discriminant
Analysis*
Development
phase
1940-1941
Logistic regression
and probit analysis*
1971 onwards
Decision tree and
CART**
From 1994
Neural Networks**
From 1995
Genetic
From 1994
programming**
* Traditional or conventional statistical method
** Advanced computerized methodologies
Remarks
Normality restriction
It mostly deals with
categorical/ qualitative
value thus It does not
require Normality
assumption
The accuracy of above two
models was not very high.
With high implementation
of machine these models
are exhibited as well as
accuracy was high
Conceptual framework for credit
scoring
For Individual;
Individual Borrowers
With use of some methods we
can assess the cut-off as well as compVariable consider for
scoring
re with different methods and then credit
Age
Time at present
identify the best cut-off.
Include some
parameters which
can improve the
score
No
Approval
of loan
YE
S
Cut-off
address
Profession
Private/public sector
Time at current
profession
Monthly revenues
House owner
No previous credits
Duration of the loan
Amount and type of
loan
And other
demographic
Conceptual framework for credit scoring
For corporate clients;
Corporate clients
This method is useful to identify the bankruptcy
Level of corporate client(SMEs).
Reject the application
Make
decision
Identify the
Bankruptcy level with
using Z-score
Identify the Ratios which
tells about financial
position of client
Liquidity ratios
Profitability ratios
Solvency Ratios
Working capital
ratios
Leverage ratios
Turn over Ratios
Promoter efficiency
in corporation
Sample size and methodology to
Build a credit scoring
It is very important to determine the sample size before the
model build
The more sample consideration, the more accuracy can
expect.
For individuals; it is more important to incorporate the
variable like behavioral, economic to estimation of
probability of default(PD).
For corporate(SMEs); financial ration will help to predict
the financial and asset position of the client.
Rationale for credit score
For individuals;
credit score be one of the most important factors in
determining whether or not you are approved for credit.
it also be a major factor in determining the terms and
conditions of the loan/credit extension.
It can help to understand the interest rate structure for loan
applicant.
low credit score= high interest (vice-versa)
For corporate clients:
It useful to determine the bankruptcy position of firm.
For Banks and financial institutions:
It is very helpful to predict the customer default position with cut-off
score, also good or Bad 'customer.
wrap-up & remarks
Over a period of time many credit scoring models are exhibited
to identify the default/ non-default position for customer.
Paradigm shift has taken in credit scoring models from
Traditional statistical to modern methods but these method
couldnt incorporate the important situations such as behavioral,
errors of credit scoring and macro economic conditions.
It is the big gap for both financial institutions as well as
individuals.
Also some technical issues will be make customers as default.
When creating and building a credit scoring models
incorporating those variable which have been left over the period
of time will give better fit model. This will improve the
profitability and decrease the customer default position
