CHAPTER 13

GENETIC

GENETIC

Genetic is the science of inheritance, heredity

and variation in living organisms

Inheritance is the transmission of traits from

parents to offspring

The basic unit of genetic inheritance is the gene

The science of genetic began in the middle of the

19th century, as a result of the work of Gregor
Mendel (1822-1884)

Genes are units of information about specific

traits or characteristics that are located on
chromosome
These traits are heritable can be passed from
one generation to the others
Each gene has a specific location called the gene
locus or (plural loci) on chromosome
Gene is a long DNA molecule
DNA is stable molecules that can replicates but
sometimes have mutation

Although both copies of gene deal with same trait,

there can be slightly different in DNA segments
that make up the gene

Each version of gene is called allele

Alleles are all the different molecular forms of the

same gene or a pair of gene that involve in
determining the traits

For example: one allele in a gene specifies for black

hair whereas the other allele specifies for blonde hair

Mutation can change a genes molecular

structures. The alteration may change the genes
information about a trait

For example: gene for flower color specifies purple

and mutated version specifies white

In order to see which gene will be expressed in

particular individual, we have to see whether it is:
1. homozygous dominant
2. heterozygous
3. homozygous recessive

GENE LOCI
P

GENOTYPE:

PP

aa

Bb

HOMOZYGOUS
for the
dominant allele

HOMOZYGOUS
for the
recessive allele

DOMINANT
allele

RECESSIVE
allele

HETEROZYGOUS

Homozygous dominant
having a pair of dominant alleles (AA) at a
gene locus
Homozygous recessive
having a pair of recessive alleles (aa) at a
gene locus
Heterozygous
a pair of different alleles (Aa) both alleles of
a pair are not identical

An allele is dominant when its effect on trait, cover

the effect of recessive allele that is paired with it

A capital letter represents dominant allele

whereas the small letter represents recessive
allele

For example: Dominant allele (AA) and Recessive

allele (aa)

Some Terms Used in

Genetics

1. Genotype
combination of gene that involve in determining
the phenotype or the gene that makes up the
organism
2. Phenotype
observable trait or the physical characteristic
that showed by the organism which may or may
not indicate all the genes that are present
3. Homozygous
a pair of same alleles (both alleles of a pair are
identical)

4. Dominant
the true genes or the true characteristic that
observable in progeny
use capital letter to show the alleles
5. Recessive
the gene that not express the true
characteristic that observable in progeny. It
just carried by the progeny but not showed
the traits
use small letter to show the alleles

Genotype

Describe as Phenotype

BB

Homozygous
dominant

Black hair

Bb

Heterozygou
s

Black hair

bb

Homozygous
recessive

Blonde hair

6. Hybridization
the process of cross-breeding between two
varieties of the same species those are
different in one or more traits, or crossbreeding between two closely related
species
7. Hybrid
the offspring of hybridization

8. Clone
individual organism that is genetically
identical to other individual or the
offspring from the vegetative reproduction
and all the progeny have the same genetic
with parent
9. True-breeding lineage
when offspring inherit a pair of identical
alleles for a trait, generation after generation
self breeding, offspring of genetic crosses
inherit a pair of identical alleles for the trait,
generation after generation

Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel
(July 22, 1822 January 6, 1884)

Was an Austrian priest and scientist

Often called as father of modern genetics
Study on the inheritance of traits in pea plants
Mendel cultivated and tested some 29,000 pea
plants (Pisum sativum)
Was inspired to study variation in plants

Gregor Mendel
Mendel choose pea plants because:
Pea plants is easy to grow
Pea plants come in many varieties
Pea plants are controlled pollination (selffertilization)
Pea plants have petals that completely closed
its reproductive structures

Mendel Experiment

At Mendels time, people taught that traits of the

parents are blended together in the offspring

From his observation, he realized that this is not

true

If offspring is a results of blending the parents

trait, the result of cross between a purple flower
and white flower the result would be pale purple

However this is not evidenced

Mendels Law

Mendels inheritance principles are

1. Mendels Law I (Law of segregation)
2. Mendels Law II (Law of independent
assortment)
When tracking the inheritance of traits through
generations of offspring, these abbreviation apply:P parental generation
F1 first-generation offspring
F2 second-generation offspring
Mendel usually followed traits for a least these three
generations : P, F1, F2

Law of segregation

Mendels simplest crosses involved only one pair of

contrasting traits
In his first set of experiments, he studied the seed
shape of pea
Monohybrid cross is made by mating two parent
that exhibit two contrasting characteristics
He crossed smooth seeds with wrinkled seeds
from original parents called P1 (parental generation)
The offspring of P1 is called F1 (first filial
generation) and the offspring of crossed F1 is called
F2 (second filial generation)

Law of segregation
RR
(smooth)

F
1
Rr
(smooth)

F
RR,2Rr,
Rr, rr

rr
(wrinkled)

Mendels monohybrid
inheritance
Is the study about the
inheritance of a pair of
contrast traits
The genotype and
phenotype of gametes
during fertilization can
be easily visualized by
constructing the
Punnett Square
The cross illustrates
method of analysis for
F1 x F1 monohybrid
cross

P PLANTS

Gametes

PP

pp

All P

All p

F1 PLANTS
(hybrids)

Gametes

All Pp

/2 P

Eggs
F2 PLANTS
Phenotypic ratio
3 purple : 1 white
Genotypic ratio
1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp

/2 p

Sperm
p

Law of segregation
From the monohybrid cross he revealed that:
F1 offspring showed only one of the two parental
traits and always same trait
The trait not shown in the F1 offspring reappeared
in about 25% of the F2 offspring
He concluded that inheritance did not work by
blending the traits of the parents but were
inherited as they are separate units
Members of gene pair were segregate during
gamete formation and each gamete will receives
one allele for the trait
This happens when homologous separate into
different gametes after meiosis II

Law of independent
assortment

Deals with inheritance of two traits (Dihybrid

cross)
Mendel realized the need to extend his
investigation on two different traits
So he select seed color and seed shape which is
two different characteristics
Mendel selected true breeding plants with
smooth, yellow seeds and crosses them with
true breeding plants with wrinkled, green seeds

Law of independent
assortment

The seeds were all smooth and yellow, confirming

that smooth and yellow are dominant traits
From F1 generation, it is clear that they are
heterozygous for both seed shape and color
Mendel then self-fertilized the F1 plants producing
F2 generation
F2 plants produced four types of seeds and 16
possible combinations will result

Law of independent
assortment

Mendel concluded that members of gene pair

separate or segregate from each other during
gamete production

Because each pair segregate independently,

gametes formed by F1 plants contained
combinations of alleles in equal proportion

Fertilization involved four types of male and female

gametes occurred at random, 16 possible
combinations will result

Mendels dihybrid
inheritance

is the study about the

inheritance of two
pairs of different
traits and involve the
Mendels Law II
The genotype and
phenotype of gametes
during fertilization can
be easily visualized by
constructing the
Punnett Square
The cross illustrates
method of analysis for