Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topic 1
Crystals
Unit Cell
(x y)
2
a
a2 (y z)
2
a
a3 (z x)
2
a1
0 a1 a2 a3
BaTiO3
Symmetry Operations
Translational
Reflection
at a plane
Rotation about an axis
Inversion through a point
Glide
(=reflection + translation)
Screw (=rotation + translation)
Rotations
Mirror Symmetry
Inversion
2D - Point Groups
crystal systems
14 Bravais lattices
230 non-Bravais lattices
Space Groups
32
2
3
3
7
5
5
7
point symmetries
triclinic
monoclinic
orthorhombic
tetragonal
cubic
trigonal
hexagonal
Crystal Directions
Crystal Planes
1. Find the intersections, r and s, of the plane with any two of the basal plane
axes.
2. Find the intersection t of the plane with the c axis.
3. Evaluate the reciprocals 1/r, 1/s, and 1/t.
4. Convert the reciprocals to smallest set of integers that are in the same ratio.
5. Use the relation i = -(h+ k), where h is associated with a1, k is associated
with a2, and i is associated with a3.
6. Enclose all four indices in parentheses: (h k i l)
(12 10)
(GPa)
d spacing
d hkl
n
h
a2
b2
Example
The lattice constant for aluminum is
4.041 angstroms. What is d220?
c2
Answer
Aluminum has an fcc structure, so a = b = 4.041
d hkl
1
h2 k 2
a
1
22 22
2
4.041
1.43 angstroms
Interstitials
FCC
BCC
2.
3.
4.
NaCl structure
Crystal
LiH
4.08
MgO
4.20
MnO
4.43
NaCl
5.63
AgBr
5.77
PbS
5.92
KCl
6.29
KBr
6.59
CsCl structure
Crystal
BeCu
2.70
AlNi
2.88
CuZn
2.94
CuPd
2.99
AgMg
3.28
LiHg
3.29
NH4Cl
3.87
TlBr
3.97
CsCl
4.11
TlI
4.20
Closed-packed structures
(or, what does stacking fruit have to do with solid state physics?)
Closed-packed structures
There are different ways you can pack spheres together. This shows two ways,
one by putting the spheres in an ABAB arrangement, the other with ACAC. (or
any combination of the two works)
[0 0 1]
FCC
HCP
(CCP)
(looking along [111]
direction
ABAB
sequence
ABCABC
sequence
The hexagonal-closed
packed (HCP) and FCC
structures both have the
ideal packing fraction of
0.74 (Kepler figured this
out hundreds of years ago)
The ideal ratio of c/a for
this packing is
(8/3)1/2 = 1.633
Crystal
c/a
He
1.633
Be
1.581
Mg
1.623
Ti
1.586
Zn
1.861
Cd
1.886
Co
1.622
1.570
Zr
1.594
Gd
1.592
Lu
1.586
Amorphous Materials
Glass
The continuous
random network
structure
of amorphous
silicon dioxide,
notice that
each Si atom
(gold spheres)
has 4 bonds, and
each oxygen
atom (red
spheres) has 2
bonds.