Colligative Properties

Colligative Properties

Physical properties of solutions differ from those

of the pure solvent use to make the solution
Ex)

Water vs Tea

These differences have little to do with the

identity of the solute, but more to do with the
number of solute particles

Colligative Properties property that depends

only upon the number of particles in solution, and
not upon its identity

Colligative Properties
1.

Vapor Pressure Lowering

2.

Boiling-Point Elevation

3.

Freezing-Point Depression

Vapor Pressure Lowering

What is Vapor Pressure??

Solutes are surrounded by pockets of solvent

molecules
Less

solvent molecules are free and able to gain

enough K.E. to escape to gas phase
Lowers the VP

Freezing Point Depression

When a substance freezes, its particles have an

orderly structure

When solutes are added, they interfere with the

formation of the orderly solid structure

More K.E. needs to be removed from the solution

to solidify
Lower

Temperature at which the solution freezes

Boiling Point Elevation

When a substance boils, the particles must gain a

certain amount of K.E. to escape into gas phase

Remember: When solutes are added, they are

surrounded by pockets of solvent molecules

Less solvent molecules are free and able to gain

enough K.E. to escape into gas phase
Increases

BP

Colligative Properties Review

1.

Vapor Pressure Lowering

2.

Freezing Point Depression

3.

Adding solute lowers Vapor Pressure

Adding solute lowers Freezing Point

Boiling Point Elevation

Adding solute increases Boiling Point

Colligative Properties

The magnitude of change is based on the

number of particles in solution

When solute is dissolved in solvent, how

many individual particles does it break into?

+
+

3 M C6H12O6

3M NaCl

3M CaCl2

1x Effect

2x Effect

3x Effect

Freezing/Boiling

The change in temperatures of the

freezing point and boiling point of a
solution is directly proportional to the molal
concentration (m) when the solute is
molecular (not ionic).

Tf = Kf x m

Tb = Kb x m

Example

Anti-freeze protects a car from freezing. It

also protects it from over-heating.
Calculate the freezing point of a solution
containing 100g of ethylene glycol
(C2H6O2) antifreeze in 0.500kg of water.
(Kf of Water = 1.86oC/m)