Physical Layer

http://Amini.mshdiau.ac.ir
Amini@mshdiau.ac.ir

:A

01100010

Baud Rate:

Bit Rate:

* BaudRate

*N

N
2

Bit Rate=Lg

...
:1

N=2 ) 2 ( :
) ( 1 ) 0 .(1
Baud Rate 2 :
Bit Rate=1*2=2 bps
:2
N=128 :
) ( 7 .
Baud Rate=2000 . :
Bit Rate=2000*7=14 kbps

 :
:

:

6

 :




7

CoAxial:

10Base2
10Base5

Twisted Pair(Cat3Cat7):

10BaseT
100BaseT

Gigabit Ethernet Cabling

1000 BASE SX
1000 BASE LX
1000 BASE CX
1000 BASE T

fiber - short wavelength

fiber - long wavelength
copper - shielded twisted pair
copper - unshielded twisted pair

1000 BASE T
Twisted Pair

Four pairs of Category 5 UTP.

Category 5, 6 and 7 copper up to 100

meters.

This requires extensive signal processing.

10

 )(Fiber Optic

R
Receiver

11

Optic/Elec
Photo Diod

Fibe
r

.
:
Elec/Optic

S
Sender

 ...

0 1 .

50 100 ) .(Multi Mode

13

 ...

Multi Mode LED

.

Single Mode 8 .

Single Mode .

) (LED
.

14

 ...

Gbps 50000.

10Gbps 1Gbps.

15

) 50 (.

 LED :

16

Backbone )
(WAN .

- ) (.

17

 )(Wireless

3*108 .
104 1024 .

:

24
1022 10

18

1018

1016

1014

1010

108

106

=f

19


)...(Wireless

20

 )...(Wireless

24 .

) (.

21

22

23

(a) Relaying in space.

(b) Relaying on the ground.

25

 ...

)WI-FI(IEEE 802.11

5
30 ) Access point

Wireless Ad-hoc Networks

WiMax

()World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access

50 mbps100
50 ) Access point

26

IEEE 802.16

 )(PSTN

)
(.

)Public Switch Telephone

(Network

27

28

 :
)(Switching
) (
)(

29

 ...

30

) (
.

0 1
.

) (...
.

31

)MOdulator/DEModulat
(or

)( ).(Modulation

).(Demodulation

32

MOdulator/DEModulator

33

 :
* =
16*4

4*4

(c) QAM-64.

35

(b) QAM-16.

*1
4

(a) QPSK.

8000 .

8 .

56000bps ) .(V90

36

):(Internal

):(External

RS232 .
) (.

37

PCI .

)(Leased Line

ADSL ( Async Digital

Subscriber Line):

) (Switch ) (
).(DSLAM

MHZ 1.1.

256 KHZ 4 .

38

 ADSL

1 5 250 ) 32
218 (.

ADSL .

39

ADSL ( Async Digital

Subscriber Line):

40

ADSL: How to work?

41

Difference in Up/Down
Stream

42

 DSL
category 3 UTP

43

ADSL Protocol
Architecture
Upper layer
Protocols

Upper layer
Protocols

IP

IP

PPP

PPP

AAL5

AAL5

ATM

ATM
ADSL

DSL client

Telco CO

session
management

Internet
or outside n/w
44

Evolution of Digital Access

Pure Fibre
Hybrid Fibre/Copper
FTTH
Enhanced
Copper

FTTx,
VDSL2,
ADSL2plus
ADSL

ISDN
Voiceband
Modem
45

 ):(Multiplexing

)(Frequency Division Multiplexing) (FDM

)(Time Division Multiplexing)(TDM

46

.
.
.
) (.
.

 ):(Switching

): (Circuit Switching

47

.
.

Circuit Switching

48

)...(Switching

):(Message Switching

49

.

.
Store & Foreward .

.
) (Packet .

Packet
Message

vs

Pipelining .

51

ISDN (Integrated Service Digital

Network)
B-ISDN
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

53

ATM

Mbps 155.

) (53 .

Backbone WAN .

54

)(Repeater

55