Chapter 4

Introduction to Pascal
Programming Language
Arithmetic Expressions
Logical/Boolean Expression
Assignment Statement

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this lecture learners will
be able to:
convert mathematics expressions into Pascal
arithmetic expressions,
evaluate Pascal arithmetic expressions based on
operator precedence.

Page 2 of 22

Pascal Arithmetic
Unary
Syntax

<operator> <operand>

Example

-5

Binary
Syntax

<operand1> <operator> <operand2>

Example

5 + 2

Page 3 of 22

Pascal Arithmetic Operators

Operator Operation

example

result

Addition

5 + 2

Subtraction / unary
minus

5 - 2
-5

3
-5

Multiplication

5 * 2

10

Real Division

5.0 / 2

2.5

Div

Integer division

5 div 2

Mod

Modulo (Remainder)

5 mod 2

Page 4 of 22

Operand Data Types

Operator

Type of
First
Operand

Type of Second Type of Result

Operand

Integer /
real

Integer / real

Integer both integer

Real either real

Integer /
real

Integer / real

Integer both integer

Real either real

Integer /
real

Integer / real

Integer both integer

Real either real

Integer /
real

Integer / real

Real

Div

Integer

Integer

Integer

Mod

Integer

Integer

integer
Page 5 of 22

Examples
Operation
6 + 2
6.2 + 2
6 - 2
6.0 - 2
6 * 2

result
8
8.2
4
4.0
12

6.0 * 2

12.0

6 / 2

3.0

7 div 2

7 mod 2

1
Page 6 of 22

Relational Operator
Operator Description

example

result

Equals to

5 = 2

false

>

Greater than

5 > 2

true

<

Less than

5 < 2

false

>=

Greater than or
equals to

5.0 >= 2.0

<=

Less than or equals

to

5 <= 2

false

<>

Not equals to

5 <> 2

true

true

Page 7 of 22

Boolean Operator
In some cases, we need to combine more than one
relational operation, for example:
In Math we write 0 marks 100
In Pascal we write
(marks >= 0) AND (marks <= 100)
Operator

example

result

NOT

NOT true

false

AND

True AND False

false

OR

True OR False

True
Page 8 of 22

Truth Table
Operand2

AND

OR

True

True

True

True

True

False

False

True

False

True

False

True

False

False

False

False

Operand1

Page 9 of 22

Operator Precedence
Priority
1

Operator
NOT

Unary

*, /, div, mod, AND

+, -, OR

<, <=, >, >=, <>, =

Left to right

If equal precedence, apply left to right rule

Page 10 of 22

Arithmetic Evaluation
7 + 3 * 2
----6
------13

Page 11 of 22

.. Arithmetic Evaluation
7.0 + 3 DIV 2
------1
---------8.0

Page 12 of 22

.. Arithmetic Evaluation
9 - 4 / 2 MOD 2
----2.0
---------ERROR*
*MOD accepts integer operands only

Page 13 of 22

.. Arithmetic Evaluation
9 - 4 DIV 2 MOD 2
------2
---------0
-----------9

Page 14 of 22

Arithmetic Evaluation
5 > 6 - 2
----4
------TRUE

Page 15 of 22

Arithmetic Evaluation
5 > 6 AND 2 <= 3
-------TRUE
----------ERROR

Page 16 of 22

Arithmetic Evaluation
(5 > 6) AND (2 <= 3)
-------FALSE
-------TRUE
----------------FALSE

Page 17 of 22

Arithmetic Functions
Pascal provides predefined functions that perform
common operations
Have to include the unit/library before the var
section
uses math;
Syntax

<function name> (<argument>)

Example

sqrt(49)
power (5, 2)

Page 18 of 22

.. Arithmetic Functions
Function

Description

Type of
Argument

Abs(x)

Absolute value of x Integer/

|x|
real

Type of
result

Example

Same

Abs(-9) = 9
Abs(-3.5) = 3.5

Sqrt(x) Positive square

root of x

(non ve)
Integer/
real

Real

Sqrt(9) = 3.0
Sqrt(-3.5) = Error!!

Round(x Round to nearest

)
integer

Real

Integer

Round(3.4) = 3
Round (-3.5) = -4

Trunc(x) Truncated to a whole

number

Real

Integer

Trunc(-3.4) = -3

Integer

Random(-7) = Error!!

Random(x A random whole

Integer
)
number between 0 to
x-1 inclusively

Page 19 of 22

.. Arithmetic Functions
Function

Type of
Argument

Type of
result

Example

Results

ceil(x)

Integer/
real

Integer

Ceil(9.2)
Ceil (-3.2)

10
-3

floor(x)

Integer/
Real

Integer

floor(9.9)
floor(-3.5)

9
-4

power(x,y)

Integer/
Real

same

Power(9,3)
Power(9.1,2)

729
82.81

Sqr(x)

Integer/
Real

same

Sqr(9)
Sqr(9.1)

81
82.81

Refer to:
http://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/rtl/math/index-5.html
Page 20 of 22

Assignment Statement

Use assignment operator :=

Read as Is assigned a value of
Eg. Variable1 := 999 * 2 + 1;
The type of the value on RHS of an
assignment statement must compatible with
the type of the variable on LHS, otherwise
mismatch error
When a new value is assigned to the variable,
the old value is replaced by the new one
Page 21 of 22

Exercise
Declare 3 variables of type string (StudentName1,
StudentName2, StudentName3 ) and 2 variables to
store 2 test results.
Your program should be able to calculate the
average value of the StudentName1,
StudentName2, StudentName3
Ask users to key in their names. Assign that 3
names into the first 3 variables. Ask from each
users for 2 test results.
Calculate and display the average of test results for
each student..
Page 22 of 22