Oracle Corporation, 1998. All Rights Reserved

Introduction
Copyright
Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Data Storage on Different Media

SALGRADE
SALGRADE
DEPTNO
DEPTNO
----------------YORK
YORK
20
20
30
30
40
40
GRADE
LOSAL
HISAL
GRADE
LOSAL
HISAL
----------------- ----------------- ----------------DEPT
DEPT
11
700
1200
700
1200
DNAME
LOC
DNAME
LOC
22
1201
1400
1201
1400
--------------------------- ------------------33
1401
2000
1401
2000
10
NEW
10 ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING
NEW
44
2001
3000
2001
3000
55
3001
9999
3001
9999
RESEARCH
DALLAS
RESEARCH
DALLAS
SALES
CHICAGO
SALES
CHICAGO
OPERATIONS
BOSTON
OPERATIONS
BOSTON
Database
Electronic
spreadsheet
I-2
Filing cabinet
Copyright
Relational Database Concept

Dr. E. F. Codd proposed the relational model
for database systems in 1970.
It is the basis for the relational database
management system (RDBMS).
The relational model consists of the following:
Collection of objects or relations
Set of operators to act on the relations
Data integrity for accuracy and consistency
I-3
Copyright
Relational Database Definition

A relational database is a collection of
relations or two-dimensional tables.
Database
Table Name: EMP

EMPNO
EMPNO
7839
7839
7698
7698
7782
7782
7566
7566
I-4
ENAME
ENAME
KING
KING
BLAKE
BLAKE
CLARK
CLARK
JONES
JONES
JOB
JOB
PRESIDENT
PRESIDENT
MANAGER
MANAGER
MANAGER
MANAGER
MANAGER
MANAGER
Copyright
DEPTNO
DEPTNO
10
10
30
30
10
10
20
20
Table Name: DEPT

DEPTNO
DEPTNO
10
10
20
20
30
30
40
40
DNAME
DNAME
ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
SALES
SALES
OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
LOC
LOC
NEW
NEW YORK
YORK
DALLAS
DALLAS
CHICAGO
CHICAGO
BOSTON
BOSTON
Data Models
Model of
system
in clients
mind
Entity model of
clients model
Table model
of entity model
Server
Tables on disk
I-5
Copyright
Entity Relationship Model

Create an entity relationship diagram from
business specifications or narratives
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYEE
#*
number
#*
number
**
name
name
oo
job
job title
title
DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT
#*
number
#*
number
**
name
name
composed of
oo
location
location
assigned to
Scenario
. . . Assign one or more employees to a
department . . .
. . . Some departments do not yet have
assigned employees . . .
I-6
Copyright
Entity Relationship Modeling

Conventions
Entity
Soft box
Singular, unique name
Uppercase
Synonym in parentheses
EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYEE
#*
number
#*
number
**
name
name
oo
job
job title
title
Attribute
Singular name
Lowercase
Mandatory marked with *
Optional marked with o
DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT
#*
number
#*
number
*
name
name
composed of *
oo
location
location
assigned to
Unique Identifier (UID)

Primary marked with #
Secondary marked with (#)
I-7
Copyright
Relational Database Terminology

2
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
4
MGR
HIREDATE
SAL
COMM DEPTNO
------------- ------------ --------------------- -------- ---------------- ----------- --------------
1
I-8
7839 KING
PRESIDENT
7698 BLAKE
MANAGER
7782 CLARK
-----------
17-NOV-81
5000
10
7839
01-MAY-81
2850
30
MANAGER
7839
09-JUN-81
2450
10
7566 JONES
MANAGER
7839
02-APR-81
2975
20
7654 MARTIN
SALESMAN
7698
28-SEP-81
1250
1400
30
7499 ALLEN
SALESMAN
7698
20-FEB-81
1600
300
30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN
7698
08-SEP-81
1500
30
7900 JAMES
CLERK
7698
03-DEC-81
950
7521 WARD
SALESMAN
7698
22-FEB-81
1250
7902 FORD
ANALYST
7566
03-DEC-81
3000
20
7369
SMITH
CLERK
7902
17-DEC-80
800
20
7788
SCOTT
ANALYST
7566
09-DEC-82
3000
20
7876
ADAMS
CLERK
7788
12-JAN-83
1100
20
7934
MILLER
CLERK
7782
23-JAN-82
1300
10
Copyright
30
500
30
Relating Multiple Tables

Each row of data in a table is uniquely
identified by a primary key (PK).
You can logically relate data from multiple
tables using foreign keys (FK).
Table Name: EMP
EMPNO
7839
7698
7782
7566
ENAME
KING
BLAKE
CLARK
JONES
Primary key
I-9
Table Name: DEPT

JOB
PRESIDENT
MANAGER
MANAGER
MANAGER
DEPTNO
10
30
10
20
Foreign key
Copyright
DEPTNO
10
20
30
40
DNAME
ACCOUNTING
RESEARCH
SALES
OPERATIONS
Primary key
LOC
NEW YORK
DALLAS
CHICAGO
BOSTON
Relational Database Properties

A relational database
Can be accessed and modified by
executing structured query language
(SQL) statements
Contains a collection of tables with no
physical pointers
Uses a set of operators
I-10
Copyright
Communicating with a RDBMS

Using SQL
SQL statement
is entered
SQL>
SQL> SELECT
SELECT loc
loc
22 FROM
dept;
FROM
dept;
Statement is sent to
database
Database
Data is displayed
LOC
LOC
------------------------NEW
NEW YORK
YORK
DALLAS
DALLAS
CHICAGO
CHICAGO
BOSTON
BOSTON
I-11
Copyright
SQL Statements
SELECT
Data retrieval
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
Data manipulation language (DML)
CREATE
ALTER
DROP
RENAME
TRUNCATE
Data definition language (DDL)
COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT
GRANT
REVOKE
I-12
Copyright
Transaction control
Data control language (DCL)

What Is PL/SQL?
PL/SQL is an extension to SQL with
design features of programming
languages.
Data manipulation and query statements
of SQL are included within procedural
units of code.
I-13
Copyright
PL/SQL Environment
PL/SQL engine
PL/SQL
block
PL/SQL
block
PL/SQL
SQL
Procedural
Statement
Executor
SQL Statement Executor

Oracle10g Server
I-14
Copyright
Benefits of PL/SQL
It is portable.
You can declare identifiers.
You can program with procedural
language control structures.
It can handle errors.
I-15
Copyright
SQL and SQL*Plus Interaction

SQL Statements
Server
SQL*Plus
Query Results
Buffer
SQL
scripts
I-16
Copyright
SQL Statements Versus

SQL*Plus Commands
SQL
A language
ANSI standard
Keyword cannot be
abbreviated
Statements manipulate
data and table
definitions in the
database
SQL
statements
I-17
SQL
buffer
Copyright
SQL*Plus
An environment
Oracle proprietary
Keywords can be
abbreviated
Commands do not
allow manipulation of
values in the database
SQL*Plus
commands
SQL*Plus
buffer
Overview of SQL*Plus
Log in to SQL*Plus.
Describe the table structure.
Edit your SQL statement.
Execute SQL from SQL*Plus.
Save SQL statements to files and
append SQL statements to files.
Execute saved files.
Load commands from file to buffer
to edit.
I-18
Copyright
Logging In to SQL*Plus
From Windows environment:
From command line:

sqlplus [username[/password
[@database]]]
I-19
Copyright
Tables Used in the Course

EMP
EMPNO
JOB
MGR
EMPNO ENAME
ENAME
JOB
MGR
----------------- ------------------- ----------------- ----------------7839
KING
PRESIDENT
7839 KING
PRESIDENT
7698
MANAGER
7839
7698 BLAKE
BLAKE
MANAGER
7839
7782
MANAGER
7839
7782 CLARK
CLARK
MANAGER
7839
7566
MANAGER
7839
7566 JONES
JONES
MANAGER
7839
7654
SALESMAN
7698
7654 MARTIN
MARTIN
SALESMAN
7698
7499
SALESMAN
7698
7499 ALLEN
ALLEN
SALESMAN
7698
7844
SALESMAN
7698
7844 TURNER
TURNER
SALESMAN
7698
7900
CLERK
7698
DEPT
7900 JAMES
JAMES
CLERK
7698
7521
WARD
SALESMAN
7698
7521
SALESMAN
7698
DEPTNO
LOC
DEPTNO DNAME
DNAMEWARD
LOC
7902
FORD
ANALYST
7566
7902
FORD
ANALYST
7566
-------------------------- -----------------------------------7369
SMITH
CLERK
7902
7369 10
SMITH
CLERK NEW
7902
ACCOUNTING
10
ACCOUNTING
NEW
7788
ANALYST
7566
7788 SCOTT
SCOTT
ANALYST
7566
YORK
YORK
7876
ADAMS
CLERK
7788
7876
ADAMS
CLERK
7788
20
DALLAS
20 RESEARCH
RESEARCH
DALLAS
7934
MILLER
CLERK
7782
7934
CLERK
7782
30
CHICAGO
30 SALES
SALESMILLER
CHICAGO
40
BOSTON
40 OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
BOSTON
I-20
Copyright
HIREDATE
SAL
COMM
DEPTNO
HIREDATE
SAL
COMM
DEPTNO
----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------17-NOV-81
5000
10
17-NOV-81
5000
10
01-MAY-81
2850
30
01-MAY-81
2850
30
09-JUN-81
1500
10
09-JUN-81
1500
10
02-APR-81
2975
20
02-APR-81
2975
20
28-SEP-81
1250
1400
30
28-SEP-81
1250
1400
30
20-FEB-81
1600
300
30
20-FEB-81
1600
300
30
08-SEP-81
1500
00
30
08-SEP-81
1500
30
03-DEC-81
950
30
03-DEC-81
950
30
22-FEB-81
1250
500
30
22-FEB-81
1250
500
30
03-DEC-81
3000
20
03-DEC-81 SALGRADE
3000
20
17-DEC-80
800
20
17-DEC-80
800
20
GRADE
LOSAL
HISAL
GRADE
LOSAL
HISAL
09-DEC-82
3000
20
09-DEC-82 --------3000 --------20
----------------- ----------------12-JAN-83
1100
20
12-JAN-83
1100 11
20
700
1200
700
1200
23-JAN-82
1300
10
23-JAN-82
1300 22
10
1201
1400
1201
1400
33
1401
2000
1401
2000
44
2001
3000
2001
3000
55
3001
9999
3001
9999
Displaying Table Structure

Use the SQL*Plus DESCRIBE command to
display the structure of a table.
DESC[RIBE]
DESC[RIBE] tablename
tablename
I-21
Copyright
Displaying Table Structure

SQL>
SQL> DESCRIBE
DESCRIBE dept
dept
Name
Name
--------------------------------DEPTNO
DEPTNO
DNAME
DNAME
LOC
LOC
I-22
Copyright
Null?
Null?
--------------NOT
NOT NULL
NULL
Type
Type
------NUMBER(2)
NUMBER(2)
VARCHAR2(14)
VARCHAR2(14)
VARCHAR2(13)
VARCHAR2(13)
Writing Basic
SQL Statements
Copyright
Capabilities of SQL SELECT

Statements
Selection
Projection
Table 1
Table 1
Table 1
I-24
Copyright
Join
Table 2
Basic SELECT Statement

SELECT
SELECT
FROM
FROM
[DISTINCT]
[DISTINCT] {*,
{*, column
column [alias],...}
[alias],...}
table;
table;
SELECT identifies what columns

FROM identifies which table
I-25
Copyright
Writing SQL Statements

SQL statements are not case sensitive.
SQL statements can be on one or
more lines.
Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split
across lines.
Clauses are usually placed on
separate lines.
Tabs and indents are used to enhance
readability.
I-26
Copyright
Selecting All Columns

SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM
dept;
DEPTNO
--------10
20
30
40
I-27
DNAME
-------------ACCOUNTING
RESEARCH
SALES
OPERATIONS
Copyright
LOC
------------NEW YORK
DALLAS
CHICAGO
BOSTON
Selecting Specific Columns

SQL> SELECT deptno, loc
2 FROM
dept;
DEPTNO
--------10
20
30
40
I-28
LOC
------------NEW YORK
DALLAS
CHICAGO
BOSTON
Copyright
Column Label Defaults

Default justification
Left: Date and character data
Right: Numeric data
Default display: Uppercase
I-29
Copyright
Arithmetic Expressions
Create expressions on NUMBER and DATE
data types by using arithmetic operators.
Operator
I-30
Description
Add
Subtract
Multiply
Divide
Copyright
Using Arithmetic Operators

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, sal+300
2 FROM
emp;
ENAME
SAL
SAL+300
---------- --------- --------KING
5000
5300
BLAKE
2850
3150
CLARK
2450
2750
JONES
2975
3275
MARTIN
1250
1550
ALLEN
1600
1900
...
14 rows selected.
I-31
Copyright
Operator Precedence
* / +
Multiplication and division take priority

over addition and subtraction.
Operators of the same priority are
evaluated from left to right.
Parentheses are used to force prioritized
evaluation and to clarify statements.
I-32
Copyright
Operator Precedence
SQL> SELECT ename, sal, 12*sal+100
2 FROM
emp;
ENAME
SAL 12*SAL+100
---------- --------- ---------KING
5000
60100
BLAKE
2850
34300
CLARK
2450
29500
JONES
2975
35800
MARTIN
1250
15100
ALLEN
1600
19300
...
14 rows selected.
I-33
Copyright
Using Parentheses
SQL> SELECT ename, sal, 12*(sal+100)
2 FROM
emp;
ENAME
SAL 12*(SAL+100)
---------- --------- ----------KING
5000
61200
BLAKE
2850
35400
CLARK
2450
30600
JONES
2975
36900
MARTIN
1250
16200
...
14 rows selected.
I-34
Copyright
Defining a Null Value

A null is a value that is unavailable,
unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable.
A null is not the same as zero or a blank
space.
SQL> SELECT
2 FROM
ename, job, comm

emp;
ENAME
JOB
COMM
---------- --------- --------KING
PRESIDENT
BLAKE
MANAGER
...
TURNER
SALESMAN
0
...
14 rows selected.
I-35
Copyright
Null Values in Arithmetic

Expressions
Arithmetic expressions containing a null
value evaluate to null.
SQL> select ename NAME, 12*sal+comm
2 from
emp
3 WHERE ename='KING';
NAME
12*SAL+COMM
---------- ----------KING
I-36
Copyright
Defining a Column Alias

Renames a column heading
Is useful with calculations
Immediately follows column name;
optional AS keyword between column
name and alias
Requires double quotation marks if it
contains spaces or special characters or
is case sensitive
I-37
Copyright
Using Column Aliases

SQL> SELECT ename AS name, sal salary
2 FROM
emp;
NAME
SALARY
------------- --------...
SQL> SELECT ename "Name",
2
sal*12 "Annual Salary"
3 FROM
emp;
Name
Annual Salary
------------- ------------...
I-38
Copyright
Concatenation Operator
Concatenates columns or character
strings to other columns
Is represented by two vertical bars (||)
Creates a resultant column that is a
character expression
I-39
Copyright
Using the Concatenation

Operator
SQL> SELECT
2 FROM
ename||job AS "Employees"
emp;
Employees
------------------KINGPRESIDENT
BLAKEMANAGER
CLARKMANAGER
JONESMANAGER
MARTINSALESMAN
ALLENSALESMAN
...
14 rows selected.
I-40
Copyright
Literal Character Strings

A literal is a character, expression, or
number included in the SELECT list.
Date and character literal values must
be enclosed within single quotation
marks.
Each character string is output once for
each row returned.
I-41
Copyright
Using Literal Character Strings

SQL> SELECT ename ||' '||'is a'||' '||job
2
AS "Employee Details"
3 FROM
emp;
Employee
Employee Details
Details
------------------------------------------------KING
KING is
is aa PRESIDENT
PRESIDENT
BLAKE
BLAKE is
is aa MANAGER
MANAGER
CLARK
CLARK is
is aa MANAGER
MANAGER
JONES
JONES is
is aa MANAGER
MANAGER
MARTIN
MARTIN is
is aa SALESMAN
SALESMAN
...
...
14
14 rows
rows selected.
selected.
I-42
Copyright
Duplicate Rows
The default display of queries is all rows,
including duplicate rows.
SQL>
SQL>
22
SELECT
SELECT
FROM
FROM
deptno
deptno
emp;
emp;
DEPTNO
--------10
30
10
20
...
14 rows selected.
I-43
Copyright
Eliminating Duplicate Rows

Eliminate duplicate rows by using the
DISTINCT keyword in the SELECT clause.
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT deptno
2 FROM
emp;
DEPTNO
--------10
20
30
I-44
Copyright
SQL*Plus Editing Commands

A[PPEND] text
C[HANGE] / old / new
C[HANGE] / text /
CL[EAR] BUFF[ER]
DEL
DEL n
DEL m n
I-45
Copyright
SQL*Plus Editing Commands

I[NPUT]
I[NPUT] text
L[IST]
L[IST] n
L[IST] m n
R[UN]
n
n text
0 text
I-46
Copyright
SQL*Plus File Commands

SAVE filename
GET filename
START filename
@ filename
EDIT filename
SPOOL filename
EXIT
I-47
Copyright
Practice Overview
Selecting all data from different tables.
Describing the structure of tables.
Performing arithmetic calculations and
specifying column names.
Using SQL*Plus editor.
I-48
Copyright
Restricting and Sorting Data
Copyright
Limiting Rows Using a Selection

EMP
EMPNO ENAME
7839
7698
7782
7566
...
KING
BLAKE
CLARK
JONES
JOB
...
DEPTNO
PRESIDENT
MANAGER
MANAGER
MANAGER
10
30
10
20
retrieve all
employees
in department 10
EMP
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
7839 KING
PRESIDENT
7782 CLARK MANAGER
7934 MILLER CLERK
I-54
Copyright
...
DEPTNO
10
10
10
Limiting Rows Selected

Restrict the rows returned by using the
WHERE clause.
SELECT
FROM
[WHERE
[DISTINCT] {*, column [alias], ...}

table
condition(s)];
The WHERE clause follows the FROM

clause.
I-55
Copyright
Using the WHERE Clause

SQL> SELECT ename, job, deptno
2 FROM
emp
3 WHERE job='CLERK';
ENAME
---------JAMES
SMITH
ADAMS
MILLER
I-56
JOB
DEPTNO
--------- --------CLERK
30
CLERK
20
CLERK
20
CLERK
10
Copyright
Character Strings and Dates

Character strings and date values are
enclosed in single quotation marks
Character values are case-sensitive and
date values are format-sensitive
Default date format is 'DD-MON-YY'
SQL>
SQL>
22
33
I-57
SELECT
SELECT
FROM
FROM
WHERE
WHERE
ename,
ename, job,
job, deptno
deptno
emp
emp
ename
ename == 'JAMES';
'JAMES';
Copyright
Comparison Operators
Operator
I-58
Meaning
Equal to
>
Greater than
>=
Greater than or equal to
<
Less than
<=
Less than or equal to
<>
Not equal to
Copyright
Using the Comparison

Operators
SQL> SELECT ename, sal, comm
2 FROM
emp
3 WHERE sal<=comm;
ENAME
SAL
COMM
---------- --------- --------MARTIN
1250
1400
I-59
Copyright
Other Comparison Operators
I-60
Operator
Meaning
BETWEEN
...AND...
Between two values (inclusive)
IN(list)
Match any of a list of values
LIKE
Match a character pattern
IS NULL
Is a null value
Copyright
Using the BETWEEN Operator

Use the BETWEEN operator to display
rows based on a range of values.
SQL> SELECT
2 FROM
3 WHERE
ename, sal
emp
sal BETWEEN 1000 AND 1500;
ENAME
SAL
---------- --------MARTIN
1250
TURNER
1500
WARD
1250
ADAMS
1100
MILLER
1300
I-61
Copyright
Lower
limit
Higher
limit
Using the IN Operator

Use the IN operator to test for values in a
list.
SQL> SELECT
2 FROM
3 WHERE
EMPNO
--------7902
7369
7788
7876
I-62
empno, ename, sal, mgr

emp
mgr IN (7902, 7566, 7788);
ENAME
SAL
MGR
---------- --------- --------FORD
3000
7566
SMITH
800
7902
SCOTT
3000
7566
ADAMS
1100
7788
Copyright
Using the LIKE Operator

Use the LIKE operator to perform
wildcard searches of valid search string
values.
Search conditions can contain either
literal characters or numbers.
(%) denotes zero or many characters
( _ ) denotes one character
SQL> SELECT
2 FROM
3 WHERE
I-63
ename
emp
ename LIKE 'S%';
Copyright
Using the LIKE Operator

You can combine pattern matching
characters.
SQL> SELECT
2 FROM
3 WHERE
ename
emp
ename LIKE '_A%';
ENAME
---------JAMES
WARD
You can use the ESCAPE identifier to

search for % or _.
I-64
Copyright
Using the IS NULL Operator

Test for null values with the IS NULL
operator
SQL> SELECT
2 FROM
3 WHERE
ename, mgr
emp
mgr IS NULL;
ENAME
MGR
---------- --------KING
I-65
Copyright
Logical Operators
I-66
Operator
Meaning
AND
Returns TRUE if both component

conditions are TRUE
OR
Returns TRUE if either component

condition is TRUE
NOT
Returns TRUE if the following

condition is FALSE
Copyright
Using the AND Operator

AND requires both conditions to be TRUE.
SQL>
2
3
4
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
AND
EMPNO
--------7876
7934
I-67
empno, ename, job, sal

emp
sal>=1100
job='CLERK';
ENAME
---------ADAMS
MILLER
Copyright
JOB
SAL
--------- --------CLERK
1100
CLERK
1300
Using the OR Operator

OR requires either condition to be TRUE.
SQL>
2
3
4
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
OR
empno, ename, job, sal

emp
sal>=1100
job='CLERK';
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
SAL
--------- ---------- --------- --------7839
7698
7782
7566
7654
KING
BLAKE
CLARK
JONES
MARTIN
PRESIDENT
MANAGER
MANAGER
MANAGER
SALESMAN
5000
2850
2450
2975
1250
...
14 rows selected.
I-68
Copyright
Using the NOT Operator

SQL> SELECT ename, job
2 FROM
emp
3 WHERE job NOT IN ('CLERK','MANAGER','ANALYST');
ENAME
---------KING
MARTIN
ALLEN
TURNER
WARD
I-69
JOB
--------PRESIDENT
SALESMAN
SALESMAN
SALESMAN
SALESMAN
Copyright
Rules of Precedence
Order Evaluated
1
2
3
4
Operator
All comparison
operators
NOT
AND
OR
Override rules of precedence by using

parentheses.
I-70
Copyright
Rules of Precedence
SQL>
2
3
4
5
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
OR
AND
ENAME
ENAME
------------------KING
KING
MARTIN
MARTIN
ALLEN
ALLEN
TURNER
TURNER
WARD
WARD
I-71
ename, job, sal

emp
job='SALESMAN'
job='PRESIDENT'
sal>1500;
JOB
SAL
JOB
SAL
----------------- ----------------PRESIDENT
5000
PRESIDENT
5000
SALESMAN
1250
SALESMAN
1250
SALESMAN
1600
SALESMAN
1600
SALESMAN
1500
SALESMAN
1500
SALESMAN
1250
SALESMAN
1250
Copyright
Rules of Precedence
Use parentheses to force priority.
SQL>
2
3
4
5
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
OR
AND
ENAME
ENAME
------------------KING
KING
ALLEN
ALLEN
I-72
ename, job, sal

emp
(job='SALESMAN'
job='PRESIDENT')
sal>1500;
JOB
SAL
JOB
SAL
----------------- ----------------PRESIDENT
5000
PRESIDENT
5000
SALESMAN
1600
SALESMAN
1600
Copyright
ORDER BY Clause
Sort rows with the ORDER BY clause
ASC: ascending order, default
DESC: descending order
The ORDER BY clause comes last in the
SELECT statement.
SQL> SELECT
ename, job, deptno, hiredate
2 FROM
emp
3 ORDER BY hiredate;
ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- --------SMITH
CLERK
20 17-DEC-80
ALLEN
SALESMAN
30 20-FEB-81
...
14 rows selected.
I-73
Copyright
Sorting in Descending Order

SQL> SELECT
ename, job, deptno, hiredate
2 FROM
emp
3 ORDER BY hiredate DESC;
ENAME
JOB
DEPTNO HIREDATE
---------- --------- --------- --------ADAMS
CLERK
20 12-JAN-83
SCOTT
ANALYST
20 09-DEC-82
MILLER
CLERK
10 23-JAN-82
JAMES
CLERK
30 03-DEC-81
FORD
ANALYST
20 03-DEC-81
KING
PRESIDENT
10 17-NOV-81
MARTIN
SALESMAN
30 28-SEP-81
...
14 rows selected.
I-74
Copyright
Sorting by Column Alias

SQL> SELECT
empno, ename, sal*12 annsal
2 FROM
emp
3 ORDER BY annsal;
EMPNO ENAME
ANNSAL
--------- ---------- --------7369 SMITH
9600
7900 JAMES
11400
7876 ADAMS
13200
7654 MARTIN
15000
7521 WARD
15000
7934 MILLER
15600
7844 TURNER
18000
...
14 rows selected.
I-75
Copyright
Sorting by Multiple Columns

The order of ORDER BY list is the order of
sort.
SQL> SELECT ename, deptno, sal
2 FROM
emp
3 ORDER BY deptno, sal DESC;
ENAME
DEPTNO
SAL
---------- --------- --------KING
10
5000
CLARK
10
2450
MILLER
10
1300
FORD
20
3000
...
14 rows selected.
You can sort by a column that is not in the

SELECT list.
I-76
Copyright
Summary
SELECT
FROM
[WHERE
[ORDER BY
I-77
[DISTINCT] {*, column [alias], ...}

table
condition(s)]
{column, expr, alias} [ASC|DESC]];
Copyright
Practice Overview
Selecting data and changing the order of
rows displayed
Restricting rows by using the WHERE
clause
Using the double-quotation-marks in
column aliases
I-78
Copyright

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All Rights Reserved

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All Rights Reserved

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Data Storage on Different Media

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Relational Database Concept

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Relational Database Definition

Table Name: EMP

Table Name: DEPT

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Entity Relationship Model

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Entity Relationship Modeling

Unique Identifier (UID)

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Relational Database Terminology

------------- ------------ --------------------- -------- ---------------- ----------- --------------

7844 TURNER SALESMAN

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Relating Multiple Tables

Table Name: DEPT

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Relational Database Properties

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Communicating with a RDBMS

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Data manipulation language (DML)

Data definition language (DDL)

Data control language (DCL)

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

SQL Statement Executor

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

SQL and SQL*Plus Interaction

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

SQL Statements Versus

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

From command line:

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Tables Used in the Course

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Displaying Table Structure

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Displaying Table Structure

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Capabilities of SQL SELECT

Basic SELECT Statement

SELECT identifies what columns

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Writing SQL Statements

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Selecting All Columns

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Selecting Specific Columns

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Column Label Defaults

Default display: Uppercase

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Using Arithmetic Operators