(a) a solution that shows positive deviation from

Raoult's law

(b) a solution that shows negative deviation from

Raoult's law.

VLE by Modified Raoults Law

yi P = xi i Pisat ( i= 1,2,..,N)
Where
i = Activity coefficient.

Fugacity coefficient () :
Fugacity coefficient is defined as the ratio of fugacity
of component to its pressure.

=f/P
- Is the measure of non ideal behavior of the gas.

Activity(a):
It is defined as the fugacity of the existing condition
to the standard state fugacity

a=f/ fo
Activity coefficient :
It measure the extent to which real solution depart from
ideality.
ln=bx
ln=bx

Activity coefficient equations

Wohls three suffix equation

Margules equation
Van laar equation
Wilson equation
Non random two liquid (NRTL)equation
Universal quasi chemical (UNIQUAC)equation
Universal functional activity coefficient (UNIFAC)
method

Consistency test for VLE data

Using slope of ln curves

Using data at mid point
Redlich kister method
Using the coexistence equation
Using partial pressure data