3G and 4G Wireless

Advances and Challenges

SRB 041406 ver1

Suresh R. Borkar
Adjunct Faculty, Dept of ECE, Ill Instt. of Tech.
sureshbo@hotmail.com
Apr 14, 2006
1

3G and 4G Wireless Advances and Challenges

Where are we?

3G Wireless Summary
Where do we Want to go?
Evolution to Seamless Networking
4G Wireless
Challenges

The one who stays still is left behind

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Where are We?

Classic Wireline MaBell Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

US Universal coverage achieved early 1980s

Wireless First Generation Analog Systems
Speech
AMPS, TACS
Second Generation Digital Systems
Enhanced Capacity
CDMA, D-AMPS, TDMA, GSM, DECT, PDC
2.5 Generation Systems
Low Speed Data
GPRS, EDGE
Third Generation Systems
INTERNET on Wireless
WiFi/HyperLAN <-> WiMAX/HyperWAN <-> CDMA2000/WCDMA
Evolution to All IP Network including VoIP

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Representative Wireless Standards

GSM/TDMA
Time Division Multiplexing based access

CDMA
Code Division Multiplexing based access

OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Many toys to play with

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TDMA/FDMA

Frequency
Domain

Frequency 1
Frequency 2
.
.
.
Frequency n
Frequency 1
Frequency 2
.
.
.
Frequency n

slot 1
Circuit
Circuit

slot 2
Circuit
Circuit

...

Slot n
Circuit
Circuit
Downlink Path

Circuit

Circuit

Circuit

Circuit
Circuit

Circuit
Circuit

Circuit
Circuit
Uplink Path

Circuit

Circuit

Circuit

Give the same air to all

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CDMA

t
Freq:
Chips

user 1
user 2
usern
Separated by PN codes
t

III

Message

Resulting Signal

Channelization code: Separate xmissions

from a single source from each other
Scrambling code: separate different sources
from each other
Spreading Code = Channelization code x
Scrambling code

All persons are created equal

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Multipath Arrival of Signals

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Transmitted
symbol
received signal
at each time delay

Modified with the

channel estimate

combined
symbol

finger #1
finger #2
finger #3

CDMA Rake Receiver

Input signal
(from RF)

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correlator

phase rotator

SUM I

delay
equalizer

I
SUM Q

code
generator

channel
estimator

Q
Finger 1

Combiner

Finger 2
Finger 3
Timing (Finger allocation)

Matched filter

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

Successor to Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence CDMA
Capability to cancel multipath distortion in a spectrally
efficient manner without requiring multiple local oscillators
(802.11a and 802.16)

Based on use of IFFT and FFT

Frequency orthogonality as compared to code orthogonality in
CDMA using Walsh Code

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3G Services

2MHz

video
conferencing

Internet

telemedicine
Video on
demand

radio
paging

Bandwidth
audio
conferencing

Mobile
TV

electronic
newspaper

messaging

Mobile
radio

Fax
voice
1KHz
bi-directional

unidirectional

Broadcast/
multicast

Who is first? the customer; who is second? - No one

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Key Mobility Services

Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS)
Text, sounds, images, and video
Transition from Short Message Service (SMS)
Open Internet standards for messaging

Web Applications
Information portals
Wireless Markup Language (WML) with signals using
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

Location Communications Services

Location Awareness Based

Personalization of information presentation format

Service capability negotiations (MExE environment)

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Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)

CAMEL = IN + Service portability (incl mobility and roaming)

Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Mobile user <-> ISP <-> corporate server
Mobility, Security, Capacity and quality

Prepaid, Usage Limitations, Advanced Routing Services

Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
Subscriber profile, charging information, Service
information, numbering information
Integration of array of services, content conversion to
heterogeneous services, network user profile, location
aware services

Take the claims with a grain of salt

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12

GSM Network
SCP
SSP

PSTN/ISDN

STP

IN

ISUP

Gw-MSC

gsm
SCF
HLR
AuC

S
E, I

C, D

UP

Call

Billing
Center
SMS-GW

VLR

MSC
GSM
04.08

BSS

UE
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Circuit domain

13

GSM & GPRS

SCP
SSP

PSTN/ISDN

STP
ISUP

Gw-MSC
S
E, I
UP

Call

VLR
GSM
04.08+

gsm
SCF

PDN

IN
HLR
AuC

IP Services
Gi
Gc

GGSN
C, D

Billing
Center

Ga

SMS-GW

Data,
voice,
video
call

Ga

CGw

Gn

Gr

MSC

SGSN
A

Gb

GSM
04.08+

BSS

UE
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Circuit domain

Packet domain

14

WCDMA/UMTS
SCP

gsm
SSP SCF
STPIN, CAMEL

PSTN/ISDN
ISUP

Gw-MSC

HLR+
AuC

Gi+
Gc+

Billing
Center

CGw

SU P

SMS-GW

Data,
voice,
video
call

Ga+
Ga+

Gn+

Gr+

3G-MSC

GSM
04.08++

PDN

GGSN
C+, D+

I
E+,

Call

VLR

IP Services

3G-SGSN
Iu-cs

Iu-ps

GSM
04.08++

UTRAN

UE
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Circuit domain

Packet domain

15

GSM/UMTS Bit rate, Mobility and Services

High
(Car / Train)

EDGE
CS Data
Fax

Voice

Mobility

Text Messaging

GSM
HSCSD
GPRS

Low

UMTS

(stationary)

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9.6

14.4

76.0 GPRS
HSCSD

384.0 EDGE

Bit Rate, Kbps

UMTS 2 Mb/s

16

3G Evolution
2.5G
GSM
HSCSD
15.2 kbps

GPRS
170 kbps

TDMA
CDPD
43.2 kbps
PDA/PDC-P
14.4 kbps

cdmaOne
76.8 kbps
WLAN
IEEE 802.11b
11 Mbps

3.5G

EDGE
473 kbps

EDGE Ph2
GRAN
473 kbps
TD-SCDMA
Ph 2
2 Mbps

TD-SCDMA
284 kbps
WCDMA FDD
2 Mbps
CDMA2000 1x
307 kps
HyperLAN2
54 Mbps
IEEE 802.11 a/h
54 Mbps

WCDMA TDD 2 Mbps

WCDMA HSDPA 10 Mbps

1XEV-DO (HDR) 2.4 Mbps

1XEV-DV (HDR) 5.4 Mbps
Harmonized
HyperLAN2
And IEEE 802.11a

WiMAX/HyperMAN also in the mix

Ref: Honkasalo et al, WCDMA and WLAN for 3G and Beyond, IEEE Wireless Communication, Apr 2002
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Some Representative Current Wireless Options

3G Cellular (WCDMA)

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): Uplink and Downlink are

separated in frequency (symmetric)
Time Division Duplex (TDD): Uplink and Downlink are separated in
time allows asymmetric traffic (adjust time slots in uplink and
downlink)
3G Cellular (CDMA2000)
Wi Fi
802.11a and 802.11b; HyperLAN2
2.4 GHz band
WiMAX
802.16d (fixed); 802.16e (portable)
5.8 GHz band; 10 20 Mbps symmetrical BW
Blue Tooth
RF based LAN technology; 20-30 feet coverage
2.4 GHz band

Darwins Theory of Evolution and Survival of the fittest

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3G WCDMA

Release 99
Release 4
Release 5
Domains, Protocols, and Channels
Radio Resource Management
Network Dimensioning and Optimization
Quality of Service (QoS0 and Location Services

The favored twin sister of CDMA2000

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Release 99

Radio Bearer Negotiations

Traffic Classes
Complex Scrambling
Speech Codec (eight) Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR)
Battery Life
Transmission spatial/antenna diversity
Compressed Mode
Measurements in multiple frequency
Use of transmission time reduction techniques
# PDP Contexts per IP Address
QPSK; coherent detection; Rake receiver
Short and Long Spreading Codes
Multicall several simultaneous CS calls with dedicated bearers of
independent traffic and performance characteristics
Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)
Phase 3
A lot to gobble

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Release 4
Bearer Independent Core Network
Tandem Free Operation (TFO), Transcoder Free Operation
(TrFO), and Out of Band Transcoder Control (OoBTC)

Low Chip Rate TDD Operation

Network Assisted Cell Change
FDD Repeater
NodeB Synchronization for TDD
IPv6 packet switched network supporting both real time and
non-real time traffic
Session Initiated Protocol (SIP) replacing SS7

Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

MSC/VLR -> MSC server (mobility management) and MGW
(Connection management subtasks)

Multimedia Message Service (MMS) environment

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Release 5

IP Transport in UTRAN
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) (upto 10 Mbps)
Intra Domain Connection to Multiple CN Nodes (Iuflex)
IP Multimedia CN Subsystem (IMS)
Guaranteed End to End (E2E) QoS in the PS domain
Global Text Telephony
Support for Real Time Services in packet domain
CAMEL Phase 4

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HSDPA
Peak Data rate > 10 Mbps
Same spectrum by both voice and data
Up to 12 spreading codes for High Speed DSCH (HS-DSCH)
Fast link Adaptation
Both code and time division for channel sharing

Transmission Time interval 2 ms

Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)
Automatic optimizations to Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)

QPSK and 16 QAM modulation at 3.84 Mhz symbol; spreading

factor fixed to 16

Incremental Redundancy or chase combining (CH)

New DPCCH2 in uplink primarily for HARQ channel state info

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WCDMA Domains
Home
Network
Domain
[Zu]
Cu

Uu

Iu

[Yu]

Serving
Network
Domain
USIM
Domain

Mobile
Equipment
Domain
User Equipment
Domain

Access
Network
Domain

Transit
Network
Domain
Core
Network
Domain

Infrastructure
Domain

Standardization of architecture (domains) and standardization of protocols (strata)

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WCDMA Protocol Layers

Radio
Network
Layer

Control Plane

User Plane

Application
Protocol

Data
Stream(s)

Transport
Network
Layer

Transport Network
User Plane

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Transport Network
Control Plane

Transport Network
User Plane

ALCAP(s)
Signalling
Bearer(s)

Signalling
Bearer(s)

Data
Bearer(s)

Physical Layer

25

WCDMA L1, L2, and RRC Sublayer

U-plane information

C-plane signalling
GC

Nt

DC

Duplication avoidance
GC

Nt

DC
UuS boundary

L3
control

L3/RRC

RRC

con con
trol trol

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PDCP

concon
trol trol

RLC

RLC

PDCP

L2/PDCP

RLC
RLC

RLC

RLC

RLC

BMC

L2/BMC

RLC

L2/RLC

Logical
Channels
MAC

L2/MAC
Transport
Channels

PHY

L1
26

WCDMA Channels
Logical Channels

Control
BCCH

PCCH

Mac

-b

-c/sh

Transport Channels

Common
BCH
PCH

Physical Channels

DCCH

CCCH

Traffic
DTCH

SHCCH

CTCH

-d

FACH

Mapped to Transport Channels

PCCPH SCCPCH

RACH

PRACH

UL CPCH DSCH

PCPCH

PDSCH

Dedicated
DCH

DPDCH

DPCCH

Dedicated
SCH
CPICH
AICH
PICH
CSICH
CD/CA-ICH

Transport Channels: how information transferred over the radio interface

Logical Channels: Type of information transferred over the radio interface

Channels made by soft hats

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Mapping Between Channels

Uplink
DCCH
DTCH

CCCH

RACH

PRACH

Downlink

CPCH

PCPCH

DCH

DPDCH
DPCCH

Logical
Channels

Transport
Channels

Mapped
Physical
Channels

Dedicated
Physical
Channels

PCCH

BCCH

PCH

BCH

PCCPCH

CCCH

CTCH

FACH

SCCPCH

DSCH

DCCH
DTCH

DCH

PDSCH DPDCH
DPCCH

SCH
CPICH
AICH
PICH
CSICH
CD/CA-ICH

N to M
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WCDMA Channel Usage Examples

Uplink/
Downlink
Code Usage

Dedicated channels
DCH
Both
According to maxm
bit rate

Fast Power control

Soft handover
Suited for

Yes
Yes
Medium or large
data amounts

Suited for bursty

data

No

Common channels
FCH
RACH
Downlink Uplink

Shared channels
CPCH
DSCH
USCH
Uplink
Downlink Uplink, only
in TDD
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Codes
Codes
codes per codes per codes per shared
shared
cell
cell
cell
btw users btw users
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Small
Small
Small or Medium Medium
data
data
medium or large or large
amounts amounts data
data
data
amounts amounts amounts
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Flexibility comes with responsibility

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Radio Resource Management

Power Control
Handover
Access Control
Load and Congestion Control
Packet Scheduling

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30

WCDMA Power Control (near = far)

Keep received power
levels P1 and P2 equal

Y Y

Power control commands

to the UEs

UE1

NodeB
UE2
Uplink and downlink (1500 Hz)
Open Loop Power Control
Closed Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control
Equal Opportunity Administration (EOA)
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31

WCDMA Handovers
sector 1
The same signal is sent
from both sectors to UE

Softer
Y

RNC

sector 2

Y Y

Soft

RNC
macro diversity
combining in uplink

NodeB1

The same signal is sent from

both NodeB's to UE, except for the
power control commands

Y Y

NodeB2

Hard and Inter-frequency handovers

Intersystem cell-reselection
Equivalent PLMN mode (autonomous cell re-selection (packet) idle mode)
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32

Handover Algorithm

Pilot Ec/IO of cell 1

Reporting_range
+ Hysteresis_event 1B
Reporting_range
- Hysteresis_event 1A
Hysteresis_event 1C

Pilot Ec/IO of cell 2

Pilot Ec/IO of cell 3

Connected to cell 1
Event 1A
- add cell2

A relay race with multiple batons

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Event 1C
= replace cell1
with cell3

Event 1B
= remove cell3

33

Network Dimensioning and Optimization

Dimensioning Criteria
Coverage, Capacity, Quality of Service

Dimensioning
Link budget, capacity (hard and soft) and load factor
Estimation of average interference power
Coverage end Outage probabilities

Optimization
Performance Requirements
Antenna adjustments, neighbor lists, scrambling codes

Dont force a round peg in a square hole

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34

WCDMA Quality of Service (Qos)

Dynamic Negotiations of properties / Services of radio bearer
Thruput, transfer delay, data error rate
Authentications
Traffic class
Fundamental
characteristics

Examples of the
application

Conversational class
Preserve time relation
(variation) between
information entities of
the stream
Conversational pattern
(stringent and low
delay)
voice,
videotelephony
video games

Streaming class
Preserve time
relation (variation)
between information
entities of the
stream

Interactive class
Request response
pattern
Preserve data
integrity

Background
Destination is not
expecting the data
within a certain time
Preserve data
integrity

Streaming
multimedia

Web browsing,
network games

Background
download of emails

One way communications is no communications

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Location Services (LCS)

UTRAN
Node B

Uu

Iub SRNC
SMLC

LMU
type B

HLR
Iu
Lh

UE
Um
BTS
LMU
LMU <- alternative -> type B

type A

Abis

MSC

A/ (Gb)/
(Iu)

Lg

Le
Gateway
MLC

External
LCS client

BSC
Lb<- alternative ->

Ls

Lc

(R98 and 99)

GERAN

SMLC

Lp

gsmSCF

SMLC

Cell ID based
Observed Time Difference Arrival Idle Period Downlink (OTDOA-IPDL)
Network Assisted GPS
You can run but you cannot hide
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Why Move Towards 4G?

Limitation to meet expectations of applications like

multimedia, full motion video, wireless teleconferencing

Wider Bandwidth

Difficult to move and interoperate due to different standards

hampering global mobility and service portability

Primarily Cellular (WAN) with distinct LANs; need a new

integrated network

Limitations in applying recent advances in spectrally more

efficient modulation schemes

Need all all digital network to fully utilize IP and converged

video and data

Incessant human desire to reach the sky

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Where Do We Want to Go?

Seamless Roaming
Integrated standard Networks
Mobile Intelligent Internet
Onwards to (Ultra) Wideband Wireless IP Networks

We are no longer in Kansas, Toto

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38

Upcoming
3.5 G
Evolved radio Interface
IP based core network

4G
New Air Interface
Very high bit rate services
Convergence of Wireline, Wireless, and IP worlds

And Now for Something Completely Different

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39

3G All-IP Reference Architecture

Legacy mobile
signaling
Network

Applications
& Services
SCP
Alternative
Access
Network

R-SGW
Mh

Ms

Multimedia
IP Networks

CSCF
Mw
Mm

HSS
HLR

CAP

CSCF
Cx

Gr

Gc

Gi

Gn

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UTRAN
Uu

Gp
Gn
SGSN

MGW

Iu

Mc
MSC Server

GGSN

Gi

MRF

GGSN

Iu
MT

Mg

MGCF

Gi

SGSN

TE

Mr

Nb
Nc

T-SGW
Mc

Gi
MGW

PSTN/
Legacy/External

Mc
GMSC Server

T-SGW

Signalling Interface
Signalling and Data Transfer Interface

Other PLMN
40

WCDMA 3G Evolution to All-IP Network

SRB 041406 ver1

Ap
p

PSTN/ISDN

Wireless
Data
Server

www,
email

IP
Firewall

GGSN
3G-MSC

SS7

Internet/Intranet/ISP

se
rv
er
s

IP

HLR
HSS
AuC
PCM

lic
at
io
n

(G)MSC
Server

CSCF

MGW

PSTN/ISDN

MGCF

IP
SGSN

ATM

RNC

GTP+/IP

Iur

SGW

MGW
MRF

GGSN

RNC
Iub

Iub
N_B
N_B

UTRAN
41

3.5G Radio Network Evolution

High Data rate, low latency, packet optimized radio access
Support flexible bandwidth upto 20 MHz, new transmission

schemes, advanced multi-antenna technologies, and signaling

optimization
Instantaneous peak DL 100 Mb/s and UP 50 Mb/S within 20
MHz spectrum
Control plane latency of < 100 ms (camped to active) and < 50
ms (dormant to active)
> 200 users per cell within 5 MHz spectrum
Spectrum flexibility from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz
Eliminate dedicated channels; avoid macro diversity in DL
Migrate towards OFDM in DL and SC-FDMA in UL
Support voice services in the packet domain
Adaptive Modulation and Coding using Channel Quality
Indicator (CQI) measurements

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3.5G WCDMA Evolved System Architecture

Source: www.3gpp.org
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43

Key 3G and 4G Parameters

Attribute

3G

Major Characteristic

Predominantly voice- data as Converged data and VoIP

add-on
Wide area Cell based
Hybrid integration of
Wireless Lan (WiFi), Blue
Tooth, Wide Area
1.6 - 2.5 GHz
2 8 GHz

Network Architecture
Frequency Band
Component Design

4G

Bandwidth

Optimized antenna; multiband adapters

5 20 MHz

Smart antennas; SW multiband; wideband radios

100+ MHz

Data Rate

385 Kbps - 2 Mbps

20 100 Mbps

Access

WCDMA/CDMA2000

MC-CDMA or OFDM

Forward Error Correction

Concatenated Coding

Switching

Convolution code 1/2, 1/3;

turbo
Circuit/Packet

Mobile top Speed

200 kmph

200 kmph

IP

Multiple versions

All IP (IPv6.0)

Operational

~2003

~2010

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Packet

44

Key 4G Mobility Concepts

Mobile IP
VoIP
Ability to move around with the same IP address
IP tunnels
Intelligent Internet

Presence Awareness Technology

Knowing who is on line and where

Radio Router
Bringing IP to the base station

Smart Antennas
Unique spatial metric for each transmission

Wireless IP <---> IP Wireless

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4G Networks Advances
Seamless mobility (roaming)

Roam freely from one standard to another

Integrate different modes of wireless communications indoor
networks (e.g., wireless LANs and Bluetooth); cellular signals;
radio and TV; satellite communications
100 Mb/se full mobility (wide area); 1 Gbit/s low mobility (local area)
IP-based communications systems for integrated voice, data, and
video
IP RAN
Open unified standards
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
Successor to SS7; replacement for TCP
Maintain several data streams within a single connection
Service Location Protocol (SLP)
Automatic resource discovery
Make all networked resources dynamically configurable through
IP-based service and directory agents

The demise of SS7

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4G Networks Advances contd

Diameter
Successor to Radius
Unified authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA)

Integrated LAN card and Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs)

HSS
Unified Subscriber Information

Application developers, Service providers, and content

creators

Expand beyond the circle

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Key Challenges
Spectral Efficiencies
Challenge Shannons fundamental law of data communications
(BW, Sig/No)
Hardware Frequency Synthesis techniques esp. for Frequency
Hop (FH) systems
Traffic characteristics management (burstiness, directionality)

Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM)

Baseband process using parallel equal bandwidth subchannels
MC-CDMA; OFDM
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK); Multilevel Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM); Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Add cyclic extension or guard band to data
Challenges of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Peak to
Average Ratio (PAVR)

No pain, no gain

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Key Challenges - contd - 1

Signal Processing and optimizations
Handling extremely large number of users
Synchronous and asynchronous transmissions
Orthogonality / correlation of large number of codes
Spectrum Pollution
Multi path re-enforcement / interference
Multi User Detection (MUD) and Adaptive Interference
suppression techniques (ISI and MAI)

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Key Challenges - contd - 2

Extremely Fast Arithmetic (esp. multiplication)
N Dimensional vector spaces
IFFT, FFT
Advanced DSPs for parsing and processing data

Smart / Intelligent Antennas

Dynamically adjust beam pattern based on CQI
Switched beam Antennas; adaptive arrays
Coverage limitations due to high frequencies (> 5 GHz)

Manage Entropy
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Key Challenges - contd - 3

More Efficient and Sensitive Transreceiver Designs
Noise figure, gain, group delay, bandwidth, sensitivity,
tunable filters, spurious rejection, power consumption
Frequency Reuse; linearity techniques
Tight closed Loop power control
Dynamic Frequency selection and packet assignments
Multi band, wide band, and flexible radios
Error Correction Coding
Perfect Synchronization / phase alignment between
Xmitter and Receiver
Clock recovery algorithms (e.g., as times-two, zero
crossing)
Adaptive digitization of speech and multi media signals

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A/D and D/A transformations

51

4G RF/IF Architecture Example

Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm
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4G Transreceiver Processing Example

Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm
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Key Challenges - contd - 4

All IP Network
Tunneling and Firewalls
Fast Handoff control, authentication, realtime location
tracking, distributed policy management
Media Gateways for handling packet switched traffic
Trasnscoders, echo cancellations, media conversions
Planetary Interoperability

Integration across different topologies

Multi Disciplinary Cooperation
WPAN

WWAN

WLAN

IP

WMAN

There is packet at the end of the tunnel

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Key Challenges - contd - 5

Distribute intelligence to the edges
Very Smart User equipment; away from network Centric
architecture
Access routers
Miniaturization esp User Equipment

Security and Levels of Quality of Service (QoS)

Encryption Protocols; Security and trust of information
Different rates, error profiles, latencies, burstiness
Dynamic optimization of scarce resources

Advanced Used interactions / presentation

Improved User interfaces
advanced Speech recognition and synthesis
Flexible displays

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Key Challenges - contd - 6

Web AI service / Interactive Intelligent Programs
Smart applications in the web; intelligent agents
Web Adaptiveness global database schemes, global error
corrective feedback, logic layer protocol, learning
algorithms
Symbolic manipulation
Derive specifically targeted knowledge from diverse
information sources

Standardizations and Regulatory

Modulation techniques, switching schemes, roaming
Spectrum
Cooperation/coordination among global Spectrum
Regulators

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4G Forums
Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) in Europe
Next-Generation Internet (NGI)
Led by and focused on US Fed Agencies (DoD, DoE, NASA,
NIH etc.)
High Performance networks: vBNS (NSF), NREN (NASA),
DREN (DoD), ESnet (DoE),

Internet2
US Universities Initiated
Focus on Gigabit/sec Points of Presence (gigaPoPs)

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Summary
Mobile Intelligent Internet and multi media applications
Seamless Roaming, substantially high and selectable user

bandwidth, customized QoS, Intelligent and responsive user

interface
Mobile IP, Radio Routers, smart Antennas
Continued advances and challenges from 1G -> 4G
Modulation techniques, transreceiver advances, fast
manipulations, user interfaces, IP tunelling and firewalls
Spectrum usage, regulatory decisions, one standard,
authentication and security, multi disciplinary co-operation
Packing so much intelligence in smaller and smaller physical
space, esp. User Equipment (UE)

IP + WPAN + WLAN + WMAN + WWAN + any other stragglers = 4G

IP in the sky with diamonds

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SRB 041406 ver1

Back-up

59

1st Generation Analog Cellular Systems

Standard

Region

AMPS

USA

TACS

Europe

ETACS

UK

NMT 450

Europe

NMT 900

Europe

C-450

Germany
Portugal
Italy

RTMS
Radiocom
2000
NTT
JTACS /
NTACS

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France
Japan
Japan

Frequency
(MHz)
824-849
869-894
890-915
935-980
872-915
917-950
453-457.5
463-467.5
890-915
935-960
450-455.74
460-465.74
450-455
460-465
414.8-418
424.8-428
870-885
860-870
915-925

Channel
Spacing
(kHz)
30

No. of
Modulation
Channels

Data Rate
(kbps)

832

FM

10

25

1000

FM

25

1240

FM

25

180

FM

1.2

12.5

1999

FM

1.2

10

573

FM

5.28

25

200

FM

12.5

250

FM

25
25

600
400

FM
FM

0.3
8.0

60

2nd Generation Cellular and Cordless Systems

SRB 041406 ver1

System
Country

IS-54
USA

GSM
Europe

IS-95
USA

Access
Technology

TDMA /
FDMA

TDMA /
FDMA

CDMA /
FDMA
(DS)

869-894
824-849
FDD

935-960
890-915
FDD

Frequency
Band
BS(MHz)
MS(MHz)
Duplexing
RF Channel
Spacing
(kHz)
Modulation

30

Pi/4
DQPSK
Fixed

Frequency
Assignment
Power
Control
MS Y
BS Y
Speech
VSELP
Coding
Speech rate
(kbps)
7.95
Channel Bit
48.6
Rate (kbps)
Channel
1/2 rate
Coding
convolution

GMSK

CT-2
Europe,
Asia
FDMA

CT-3
DCT-90
Sweden
TDMA /
FDMA

DECT
Europe
TDMA /
FDMA

869-894
864-868
862-866
1800-1900
824-849
FDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
200
1250
100
1000
1728

GFSK

GFSK

GFSK

Fixed

BPSK /
QPSK
Fixed

Dynamic

Dynamic

Dynamic

Y
Y
RPE-LTP

Y
Y
QCELP

N
N
ADPCM

N
N
ADPCM

N
N
ADPCM

8
(variable
13 rate)
270.833
1228.8
1/2 rate
1/2 rate
None
convolution forward,
1/3 rate
reverse,
CRC

32

32

72

32

640
CRC

1152
CRC

61

3G WCDMA and CDMA2000 Standards

UMTS-WCDMA

CDMA2000

"No' Backward Compatibility

Cell Sites not synchronized
Each cell site with different scrambling
code for spreading
Complex soft Hand Over
Scrambling code 38,400 chips; frame
of 10 ms

Backward compatibility with CDMAOne

Cell sites synchronized thru' GPS timing
Adjacent cell sites use diffferent time offset
of same scrambling code for spreading
Simple Soft Hand Over
Preudo Random (PN) sequence of length
15
2 - 1 chips; period of 26.67 ms; different
site offset of 64 chips
Walsh Codes

OVSF Codes

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Cdma2000 Layered Structure

Packet Data
Application
Upper
Layers
(OSI 3-7)

Signaling
Services

TCP

Packet Data
Application
UDP

IP
PPP

LAC

Link
Layer
(OSI 2)

MAC

LAC Protocol

MAC
Control
State

Multiplexing

Physical
layer
(OSI 1)

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Packet Data
Application
High Speed
Circuit Network
Layer Services

Null LAC

Best Effort Delivery RLP

QoS Control

Physical Layer

63
Unique to cdma2000

UMTS Spectrum Allocation

GSM 1800
DL

IMT-2000
TDD

IMT-2000
TDD
DECT

IMT-2000
UL

IMT-2000
DL

MSS
UL

MSS
DL

Europe

PHS

IMT-2000
DL

IMT-2000
UL

Japan
IS-95
DL

IMT-2000
DL

IMT-2000
UL

Korea
PCS/DL

PCS/UL

USA

1800

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1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

64

WCDMA Circuit Switched Protocols

CODEC

CM

CM

MM

MM

RRC

RRC

RLC

RLC
RANAP

MAC

MAC

Phy-up

Phy-up

RANAP

Q.2630.1

ALCAP
FP
PHY

SSCF-UNI SSCF-UNI

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NBAP

ALCAP

SSCF-UNI SSCF-UNI FP

SSCOP

SSCOP

SSCOP

SSCOP

AAL5

AAL5

AAL5

AAL5

Q.2150.1

SCCP

SCCP

Q.2150.1

MTP3b

MTP3B

MTP3B

MTP3b

SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI

Iu
UP

SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI

SSCOP

SSCOP

SSCOP

SSCOP

AAL5

AAL5

AAL5

AAL5

PHY
AAL2

UE

NBAP

Iu
UP

Q.2630.1

AAL2

AAL2

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

PHY

PHY

PHY

PHY

Node B

RNC

AAL2

Core

65

WCDMA PACKET CONTROL PLANE PROTOCOLS

Uu

Iub

SM
GMM
RRC
RLC
MAC-cd
PHY-up
PHY

PHY

CDMA

CDMA

UE/MTE

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FP
ALCAP NBAP
SSSAR SAAL SAAL
AAL2 AAL5 AAL5
ATM
PHY

NODE B

Iu-ps

RRC
RLC
MAC-cd
PHY-up
NBAP ALCAP
FP
SAAL SAAL SSSAR
AAL5 AAL5 AAL2
ATM
PHY

RNC

SGSN

66

WCDMA PACKET USER PLANE PROTOCOLS

Uu

Iub

Iu-ps

IP
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY-up

PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY-up

PHY

PHY

CDMA

CDMA

FP

ALCAP

ALCAP

FP

AAL2

SAAL

SAAL

AAL2

ATM
PHY

UE/MTE

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NODE B

ATM
PHY

RNC

SGSN

67

HSDPA Protocol Architecture

RLC

RLC

MAC

MAC-D
MAC-c/sh
MAChs

PHY

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PHY

Uu

HSDSCH
FP

HSDSCH
FP

HSDSCH
FP

HSDSCH
FP

L2

L2

L2

L2

L1

L1

L1

L1

Iub

Iur

68

IMS Architecture
Home
HSS
S-CSCF

I-CSCF
Other IP/IMS
network

IMS

UTRAN

SGSN GGSN

P-CSCF

Serving PS domain

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Standards
IEEE 802.11a and b: Wireless LAN (WiFi)
IEEE 802.15: Wireless PAN (Bluetooth)
IEEE 802.16d and e: Wireless MAN (WiMAX)
IS-41: Inter-systems operation (TIA/EIA-41)
IS-54: 1st Gen (US) TDMA; 6 users per 30 KHz
channel
IS-88: CDMA
IS-91: Analog Callular air interface
IS-93: Wireless to PSTN Interface
IS-95: TIA for CDMA (US) (Cdmaone)
IS-124: Call detail and billing record
IS-136: 2nd Genr TDMA (TDMA control channel)
IS-637: CDMA Short Message Service (SMS)
IS-756: TIA for Wireless Network Portability
(WNP)
IS-2000: cdma2000 air interface (follow on to
TIA/EIA 95-B)

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Glossary

3GPP:3G Partnership Project

AAA:Authentication, Authorization, Accounting
AMR:Adaptive Multi Rate (Speech Codec)
ANSI:American National Standards Institute
ARIB:Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
(Japan)
BRAN:Broadband Radio Access Network (HYPERLAN
2) 2.5 Mbps
CAMEL:Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced
Logic
CDMA:Code Division Multiple Access
CWTS: China Wireless Telecommunications Standards
group (China)
ECMA:European Computer Manufacturers Association
EDGE:Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
ETSI:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FDD:Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA:Frequency Division Multiple Access
GGSN:Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMSC:Gateway MSC
GPRS:General Packet Radio Service
GSM:Global System for Mobile communication
GTP:GPRS Tunneling Protocol
HIPERLAN:High Performance Radio Local Area
Network
HLR:Home Location Register
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data
HYPERLAN: High Performance Radio Access network
IMSI:International Mobile Subscriber Identity
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IMT:International Mobile Telecommunications

ITU:International Telecommunications Union
OVSF:Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
PDN:Public Data Network
PLMN:Public Land Mobile Network
PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network
QoS:Quality of Service
RAB:Radio Access Bearer
RNC:Radio Network Controller
RRC:Radio Resource Control
SGSN:Servicing GPRS Support Node
SIM:Subscriber Identity Module
TDD:Time Division Duplex
TDMA:Time Division Multiple Access
TTA:Telecommunications Technology Association
(Korea)
TTC:Telecommunications Technology
Commission (Japan)
UMTS:Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System
UTRAN:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VoIP:Voice over Internet Protocol
WCDMA:Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access
WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network
WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network
WWAN: Wireless Wide Area Network
71

References
1. www.3gpp.org
2. WCDMA for UMTS, Ed.: H. Holma and A. Toskala, John Wiley, 2001
3. UMTS - Mobile Communications for the Future, Ed. F.Muratore, John Wiley, 2001
4. WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet, Eds E.Djanpera and R.Prasad,
Artech House, 2001
5. IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000, V.K.Garg, Publishing House of Electronics Industry,
Beijing, 2002
6. IP Telephony, O. Hersent, D. Gurle Et, and J-P Petit, Addison-Wesley, 2000
7. www.mobileinfo.com

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