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Topic 1 Biological Molecules: Biology
Topic 1 Biological Molecules: Biology
Topic 1 Biological Molecules: Biology
Topic 1 Biological
Molecules
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Learning Outcomes
Distinguish among monosaccharides,
disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Describe the formation and breakage of
glycosidic bond.
Compare storage polysaccharides (starch and
glycogen) with structural polysaccharides
(cellulose), and relate these structures to their
functions in living organisms.
Learning Outcomes
Analyze and distinguish among triglyceride,
phospholipids, fats, and steroids, and describe
the structural composition, characteristics, and
biological functions of each.
Explain the meaning of the terms primary
structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure
and quaternary structure of proteins, and
describe the types of bonding which hold the
molecules in shape.
Learning Outcomes
Describe the general structure of an amino acid
and the formation and breakage of peptide
bond.
Describe the components of a nucleotide and
identify their molecular structures.
Describe the structure and composition of
nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and discuss the
importance of base pairing and hydrogen
bonding.
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Dehydration
Short polymer
Monomer
Hydrolysis
Longer polymer
dehydration
synthesis
hydrolysis
removed
Added
polymers
monomers
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbonyl
Propanal, an aldehyde
Sugars
Monosaccharides have molecular formulas
that are usually multiples of CH2O
Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common
monosaccharide
Monosaccharides are classified by
The location of the carbonyl group (as aldose
or ketose)
The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 5-3
Aldoses
Trioses (C3H6O3)
Pentoses (C5H10O5)
Hexoses (C6H12O6)
Glyceraldehyde
Ribose
Ketoses
Glucose
Galactose
Dihydroxyacetone
Ribulose
Fructose
Fig. 5-3a
Aldoses
Trioses (C3H6O3)
Hexoses (C6H12O6)
Pentoses (C5H10O5)
Glyceraldehyde
Ribose
Glucose
Galactose
Fig. 5-3b
Ketoses
Trioses (C3H6O3)
Pentoses (C5H10O5)
Hexoses (C6H12O6)
Dihydroxyacetone
Ribulose
Fructose
Fig. 5-4a
Fig. 5-4b
glucose + fructose
b) Lactose
glucose + galactose
c) Maltose
glucose + glucose
Which is a
Monosaccharide?
Disaccharide?
Fig. 5-5
14
glycosidic
linkage
Glucose
Glucose
Maltose
Glucose
Fructose
Sucrose
Got Lactose?
Most of the worlds population cannot
digest milk-based foods
They are lactose intolerant, because
they lack the enzyme lactase
This illustrates the importance of
biological molecules, such as lactase,
to functioning living organisms
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides, the polymers of sugars,
have storage and structural roles
The structure and function of a polysaccharide
are determined by its sugar monomers and the
positions of glycosidic linkages
Fig. 5-7a
Glucose
(a) and glucose ring structures
Glucose
Fig. 5-6
Chloroplast
Starch
0.5 m
1 m
Glycogen
Amylose
Amylopectin
Fig. 5-8
Cell walls
Cellulose
microfibrils
in a plant
cell wall
Microfibril
10 m
0.5 m
b Glucose
monomer
Fig. 5-7bc
Fig. 5-9
Fig. 5-10