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Danbaichititslhthcvt Thysanh 120320115827 Phpapp02
Danbaichititslhthcvt Thysanh 120320115827 Phpapp02
THC VT
NGUYN DU SANH
M U
S sng khi u sau 1 t nm. Sinh vt u tin ch gm c protein v acid
nucleic.
Ngy nay th gii sinh vt chia thnh 5 gii (kingdom):
1) Monera (gii vi khun = prokaryot) xut hin khong 3,5 t nm.
2) Protista (sinh vt n bo nhn tht : eukaryot) xut hin cch nay 1,5
t nm.
3) Fungi (gii nm)
4) Plantae (gii TV)
5) Animalia (gii ng vt)
Tt c mi sinh vt u c chung 4 c trng c bn (trao i cht v
nng lng, sinh trng v pht trin, sinh sn, cm ng v vn ng)
CC KHI NIM
C: B phn dinh dng di t v ph ra .
THN: B phn mang l.
L: Do mt cung ( petiole) mang ly mt phin (limbe)
HOA
Hoa: gm:L i, cnh hoa, nhy c (nh), nhy ci (nhy
Pht hoa (hoa t): Nhiu hoa mc ghp li vi nhau.
C nhiu kiu pht hoa: chm, gi, tn, tn phng, hoa u () , t tn.
TRI
Gm nhiu loi: qu mp (ph qu), qu nhn cng, tri kp, qu kh (gm b
qu hay nang)
HT: Cha phi v cht d tr nui phi.
5
I TNG NGHIN CU
Thc vt bc cao gm hai nhm:
Song t dip (hai l mm- Dicotyledons):khong 200.000 loi
+ Gn l phn nhnh, hnh mng.
+ B mch thn sp xp trn mt vng (libe nm trn b mc) v
c tng tng libe-mc
+ Thng c r cc (r ci taproot).
+ Hoa t hay ng phn. Ht cha phi vi 2 l mm
n t dip (mt l mm -Monocotyledon): khong 50.000 loi.
+ Gn l song song.
+ B mch thn sp xp trn nhiu vng ng tm, khng c tng
tng libe-mc.
+ Thng c r chm (r si fibrous roots).
+ Hoa tam phn. Ht cha phi vi mt l mm.
6
S LC V T CHC C TH THC VT
T bo thc vt v cc bo quan:
T bo l ni hot ng bin dng chnh, nhn l trung tm iu khin.
Mc t chc t: T bo m c quan c th.
Hi
S bay hi
lng
S ng bng
Lng
S tan chy
rn
S thng hoa
Rn
hi
10
Cc c tnh ca nc
Nc l dung mi hon ho
Phn t nc nh v hu cc nn nc c th ha tan mt s ln cc cht, c
bit l cc ion v cc cht tch in bng cch bao quanh v lm gim tng tc
tnh in gia cc cht ny.
Nc gip thc vt gim bt cc dao ng nhit
V nc cn mt nhit lng tng i ln (t nhit v n nhit bc hi)
ph v cu ni hydrogen v bc hi nn s thot hi nc l l cch tt nht
lm gim dao ng nhit thc vt (lm mt).
Nh ni hydrogen, nc c kh nng kt v bm rt mnh ct nc.
Nc c sc cng b mt rt ln
Nc to p sut thy tnh: Do sc cng trong nc kh ln nn ta
phi cn mt lc ko kh mnh ph v ct nc (120 atm)
11
Th nc
.Phng trnh th nc
Phng trnh th nc: = - + P
: p sut thm thu ca dung dch
P: p sut thy tnh
.Trng thi nc ca t bo thc vt
Nc t do & nc dnh. Nc di chuyn theo th nc, l qu trnh th
ng.
.Trng thi co nguyn sinh v trng nc ca t bo
Mi trng u trng
(t bo co nguyn sinh)
(t bo phng ln)
13
Mi trng u trng
14
Mi trng ng trng
Mang te
bao
Vo
Vach te
bao
Noi b
Tru b
Khung
caspary
15
C CH NG M KH KHU
* ngha ca s thot hi nc
+ M khu trao i CO2.
+ Vn chuyn cc cht dinh dng.
+ Lm mt l.
+ Lm t bo ng thng v tng trng
16
thieu toi
hao
oc
Nong o chat
17
Fe (st)
S hong ha bt u cc l non.
Cu (ng)
L c mu lc sm, c th b xon hay bin dng. L non c cc vt hoi m
(bt u t cht v lan xung mp l), v c th rng.
B (bo)
S phn chia t bo b cn, s hoi m xy ra l non, n hay c, tri v r
ph to, cy mt u tnh ngn v phn nhnh nhiu.
Mn (mangan)
C s hong ha v s pht trin ca cc vt hoi m nh.
Zn (km)
Tng trng lng gim, l nh, vn vo, ba l nhn, hong ha l gi.
Mo (molypden)
C s hong ha v hoi m cc l gi, hoa rng sm hay khng thnh lp
c.
Cl (chlor)
S hong ha v hoi m xy ra, ko theo s ho ca ngn l, l c mu ng
20
v tng trng chm, r dy ln vng gn ngn.
II- C ch quang hp
nh ngha quang hp
6 CO2 + 6 NADPH + H+ v 12ATP C6H12O6 + 6 H2O
Quang hp c 2 giai on chnh:
Pha sng: qu trnh quang gii nc.
Pha ti: kh CO2 thnh glucid.
H thng thu nh sng
PS II (P680) v PS I (P700)
Gm cp phn t dip lc t a
phn t sc t ph
phc hp thu nh sng
23
25
27
ac iem
Hnh thai
Phan bo
Thng gap Ho
Cau truc La
Loai luc lap
Cau truc Kranz
(vong bao bo mach
: BS)
Chat nhan CO2
au tien
San pham au
tien
Enzym thc hien
Thu nap CO2
Nhiet o(oC)
Anh sang bao
hoa
Quang ho hap
iem bu CO2
Hieu suat quang
hp (mg
CO2/dm2/gi)
Nhu cau nc (gr
nc /gr chat kho)
Thc vat C3
Thc vat C4
a dang
Khap ni (80%)
Nhieu Ho
Cha nhieu te
bao M
Cay bui, co
Nong am (13%)
Hoa ban, Lac
Te bao M xep 1-2
vong ong tam
vi BS
2: M va BS
Co
Cay mong nc
Nong kho (7%)
PEP (+ HCO3)
Acid Malic
RubisCO
Ban ngay
10 25
trung bnh
co
30-50 ppm
10-30
PEP (+ HCO3)
Acid C4 (OAA, Malic,
Aspartatic)
PEPC
Ban ngay
25-45
khong co
khong
<10 ppm
40-60
500 600
250 300
trung bnh
trung bnh
cao
nhanh
1 (diep mo: M)
Khong
RuPB (+ CO2)
Acid C3 (PGA)
Song i, Xng
rong, Lan
PEPC
Ban em
30-45
rat cao
khong
< 5ppm
10-25
50
thap
thay oi
28
Tng hp tinh bt
Trong dip lp = Xy ra trong stroma, qua fructose 6-phosphat (F-6-P)
isomer ha thnh G-1-P c hot ha bi ATP.
ATP + G-1-P ADPG + PPi
[Glucose]n + ADPG [glucose]n+1 + ADP
Enzyme tng hp tinh bt c hot ha bi K+, c cm ng bi cytokinin .
Trong bt lp = cc t bo tch tr (sink cell)
29
30
CHNG V: S H HP
I- nh ngha v vai tr ca h hp t bo
H hp t bo c ngha l trao i kh gia sinh vt v mi trng.
Vai tr: 2 vai tr quan trng:
- Phng thch nng lng.
-Cung cp cc cht cn thit (sn carbon).
Ba giai on lin tip ca s h hp t bo xy ra :
- Cytosol (t bo cht): qu trnh glyco gii.
- Matrix ca ty th: chu trnh Krebs (hay chu trnh acid citric; chu trnh TCA tricarboxylic acid)
Mng trong ty th: s vn chuyn e- ti oxy ca khng kh.
II- Cu trc ti th
Ti th l mt bo quan c dng hnh cu,
hnh que hay hnh si di;
c ng knh 0,5-1m, chiu di 1-5m.
32
Glucose
2ATP
2 acid pyruvic
2NAD+
2NADH
Hin din
Con ng pentose phosphat cng tham gia oxy ha glucose.
Gia tng khi t bo thc vt chuyn t trng thi m phn sinh n trng thi
m phn ha hn.
Din tin
2 giai on: s oxy ha trc tip glucose-6-phosphat v ti sinh G-6-P.
Vai tr
Vai tr trong s bin dng thc vt:
+ NADPH sinh ra c dng cho cc phn ng kh trong cytosol, tham gia
vo s bin dng nng lng t bo (to ATP).
+ Ribulose-5-P l tin cht ca ribose v deoxyribose.
34
35
36
I- ng hc ca s tng trng
Ngi ta o s tng trng bng cc cch:
1. Gia tng bi hnh thi (di, rng, din tch, th tch) (khi tch)
2. Gia tng trng lng kh ti (khi lng)
3. L s gia tng nguyn sinh cht
4. L s phn chia s t bo
5. L s gia tng khi tch lin tc theo thi gian
Thng thng, s gia tng v trng lng hoc gia tng v chiu di c
dng ni v s tng trng.
II- ng cong tng trng
S tang trng
Thi
gian
42
CHNG VIII:
43
2. nh sng
nh hng ln qu trnh quang hp v ln s pht trin ca thc vt.
Quang k tnh l tnh p ng li cc nh k chiu sng thay i
trong ngy (ngy v m) hay trong nm.
thc vt, quang k tnh c nh du r bng hin tng to hoa.
Quang k tnh cn nh hng trn s dinh dng.
3. Nc
nh hng ca nc cn ty thuc vo giai on pht trin ca thc vt. Nc
nh hng trn s tng trng nhiu hn trn s pht trin.
4. Kh
Cc kh c nh HCN, H2S, CO2, khi thuc l. nh hng ln s h hp
dn n ri lon bin dng v lm cht thc vt.
5. Thc phm (m, hu c, khong)
Cn thit tng hp mau l cc protein trong t bo sinh m.
44
K2
B
C
45
47
48
CHNG IX:
CC HNG NG V C NG CA THC VT
I- Hng ng
Khi c s chiu sng khng ng u
+ l c quang hng ng nghing (plagiotropism).
+ r c hin tng quang hng ng nghch
c tnh: S cong do quang hng l mt qa trnh tng trng khng u
hai bn mt c th, vng ko di di cht.
2. a hng ng:
L s cong ca c quan di tc dng ca trng lc.
R c a hng ng dng
thn, l c hin tng a hng ng m
3. Cc hng ng khc
Ha hng ng
1. Quang hng ng (phototropism)
Xc hng ng
Kt lun: Cc hng ng gip thc vt i ph vi mi trng rt hu
hiu mc d chng khng di chuyn c nh ng vt. Ngoi ra, cc
50
hng ng gip cho thc vt c cu trc ring.
II- C NG NI BO
C ng ni bo do s di chuyn ca protein cu trc (l nhng vi si hay
vi ng) gi l tubulin. Cc protein ny co gin do s polymer v kh
polymer
y l s c ng cn nng lng.
III- NG NG( NASTIC MOVEMENT)
L v l th cp ( l kp) thng c c ng ng ng.
1.C ng thc ng ( c ng ban m - nyctinasty):
y l s c ng theo mt nhp iu c kim sot bi yu t mi trng
v ng h sinh hc. L kp l c quan d hc hin tng ny.
C ch: lin quan n nng K+ bn trong v nng H+ trn mng cc t
bo co v dui.
2. ng ng kh m (thy ng ng-hydronasty)
Thy ng ng c lin h n s cun li hay khp li ca l do m thp, l
cun li gim thot hi nc.
Do s mt i p sut trng ca t bo vch mng (t bo hnh bt bulliform
51
cell) thng gp n t dip.
5. Nhng c ng khc:
C ng ca dip lp:
C s sp xp ty theo s chiu sng
Cc bin i trng nc
Do c ng ca nc t khng bo lm ng m khu, h xung hoc ging
ln ca mt vi c quan (nh c, l)
Di chuyn c th, cm xc ng ng
Xy ra cc c th n bo.
53
THC VT
I- HORMONE THC VT (CHT IU HA SINH TRNG THC
VT) V LCH S PHT HIN
Duhamel du Monceau (gia TK 18)
Sachs (1880) : cc thng tin ha hc (chemical mesengers) cc Hormon
thc vt hay cht iu ha sinh trng thc vt.
Ni yu t l cc cht do thc vt t tng hp nn chng c vai tr iu ha s
pht trin. Cc ni yu t c th k nh:
+ Cc sc t
+ Cc cht ph tr cho s tng trng: sorbitol, inositol, manitol
+ Cc vitamin
+ Cc cht iu ha sinh trng (hormone)
54
- nh ngha
Kch thch t thc vt l nhng cht hu c do thc vt tng hp mt ni ri
di chuyn n ni khc, chng hot ng vi lng rt nh. Chng c chia
lm hai nhm:
+ Kch thch t tng trng (iu kin sinh trng)
+ Kch thch t tr hoa (iu kin tr hoa)
Sau ny gi tn l Cht iu ha sinh trng thc vt l nhng cht hu c,
c th km hm hoc lm thay i mt trong cc bc ca chu trnh pht trin,
tc dng vi mt lng rt nh, c th l cht iu ha sinh trng hoc iu
ha tr hoa.
Nm 1984 hi ngh ti Pratislava Tip Khc b sung nh ngha.
Cht iu ha sinh trng thc vt l mt cht hu c cn thit cho
qu trnh pht trin thc vt. Chng hot ng vi mt lng rt nh.
Chng nh hng trn cc bc ca qu trnh pht trin, chng l cht
cn thit nhng khng phi l cht dinh dng
Hin nay: chia lm nm nhm: Auxin, Giberelin, Cytokinin, Acid Abcisic,
56
Ethylen
Di chuyn
Di chuyn t ni tng hp (sinh m ngn) n ni nhn.
Auxin di chuyn theo hai li:(1) hot ng (cn nng lng) v (2) th ng
(khng cn nng lng).
Thoi ha
Auxin rt d b oxyt ha.
Trong c th c AIA-oxydase (enzym peroxydase) l enzym ch yu phn hy
auxin.
Tc dng ca auxin:
* mc c th:
Auxin tc dng trn s ko di t bo cc m cn non.
* mc c quan
- thn v chi: auxin nh hng trn vng p cht (vng ko di).
- l: phin l song t dip b c ch cn thn, cung l c kch
thch.
- Tng trng tng pht sinh.
59
- Tng trng qu b
- Trn cc hng ng:
- Trn s rng (l, hoa , tri): Auxin lm ngn cn s rng.
Mt khi vng rng thnh lp, auxin kch thch s rng xy ra nhanh hn.
- Kch thch to r bn v r bt nh:
* mc t bo
-Lm tng tnh dn ca vch t bo
- Trn s tng di v tng rng t bo
60
Cch s dng:
Thng s dng auxin dng dung dch, dng mui.
pH c nh hng trn ha tan v trn hot tnh ca auxin, thng dng
dung dch m c pH 4,5 - 6,5.
Auxin tc ng vi mt lng rt thp tnh bng phn triu (ppm) thng
thm cht ph gia vo phn phi u.
Thng x l auxin bng cch phun, ngm, chch hay bi.
Phi s dng auxin ng liu lng, ng thi gian, ng giai an.
Auxin c s dng trong nhn ging thc vt (nui cy m, gim cnh, trong
s ra hoa khm, kch thch m cao su, s tng trng tri, chng rng hoa v
l... c bit c s dng nhiu nht dit c di trong nng nghip.
61
GIBERELINS ( Gb)
Lch s:
- Nm 1926, Kurosawa li trch Gibberellin t nm.
- Nm 1930, ghi nhn cht trch t nm khng nhng ch kch thch tng di
la m cn trn nhng thc vt khc.
- Nm 1936 Yabuta li trch c tinh th gi l Giberelin A.
- Nm 1954 Brian Cross (Anh) v Stodola (M) tm ra cng thc n l mt
acid: Acid Gibberellic (GA) (slide).
- 1954, Takahashi v Tamura phn lp c 3 giberelin t Giberelin A. Chng
c t tn l Giberelin A1(GA1), GA2, GA3. GA3 l acid giberelic.
- Nhng nm gn y tm thy c 126 cht ging giberelin
Trong c th thc vt cng lc hin din nhiu Gb, nhng khng phi Gb no
cng c hot tnh. Gb kch thch ko di t bo.
V cu trc c hai nhm Gb: nhm c 20 C v c 19 C.
Cc Gb khc nhau ch yu do s thay i nhm OH C2, C3 hoc C5
v v tr gn ca chng dng hay .
62
Hin din
Gb c tm thy c thc vt bc thp ln thc vt bc cao, gn y
cng ghi nhn vi khun.
Trong c th, ty theo c quan v giai on pht trin m Gb phn b
vi nhiu loi liu lng khc nhau.
Gb cng c th hai dng t do v dnh (lin kt).
n nm 1992 (Salisbury &Ross) ghi nhn c 84 GA c pht hin
Li trch o
Ly trch bng cc dung mi hu c . iu kin ly trch t nghim nht
hn auxin.
Sinh trc nghim
Dng cc thc vt ln do t bin lm mt gen sinh tng hp Gb nh bp ln,
u ln, la ln..., hay trn hot tnh amylase trong s ny mm ht m cc,
hay trn s tng di cy mm da chut, cy mm ci salad... sinh trc
nghim hot tnh Gb.
63
Sinh tng hp
Gb l nhng terpenoid c 20 carbon l polymer ca 4 n v isopren (5C).
Xut pht t Acetyl CoA acid mevalonic (6C) phosphoryl ha v kh
carboxyl isopentenyl pyrophosphat (5C) trng hp to gerany
pyrophosphat (10C) hay geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphat (20C).
Geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphat ng vng to ent- kauren nhm methyl
C19 c oxy-ha thnh carboxylic, vng B co rt li cn 5C GA12 aldehid
cc Gb khc nhau.
Tt c cc ha cht lm ln hay lm chm tng trng u c tc dng
ngn chn sinh tng hp Gb.
Tt c Gb u c sn ent-giberelan.
thc vt con ng bin i gia cc Gb c nghi nh sau GA12aldehid (20C) oxy ho C7 GA12 OH ha C3 hay C13 hoc c hai.
t bo, s tng hp sn kauren t acid mevalonic c th xy ra trong
cc lp, c bit l hong lp (etioplaste).
64
Di chuyn
Gb di chuyn khp mi ni trong c th qua mch mc, libe v t bo.
Thng di chuyn th ng theo cht ng ha, hay theo dng nha
nguyn.
Gb c th thot ra ngoi qua hin tng nc git.
Thoi ha
Cha c nghin cu k, c th kt hp vi cht khc tr
thnh trng thi khng hot ng.
65
Tc dng sinh l
* mc c quan
+ Kch thch lng ko di.
+ Gb kch thch tng trng l.
+ Gb cng kch thch tng trng tri
+ Gb gi tr hoa cho nhng thc vt cn th hn hay nhng thc vt ngy di
cn to hoa trong iu kin ngy ngn.
+ Gb cng bin i hoa lng tnh thnh hoa c, kch thch to hoa c + Gb
gip ny mm, ph v min trng.
+ Gb kch thch tng trng r
* mc t bo
+ Gb lm tng lng auxin ca cc m bng cch tc ng trn s tng hp
protease phn gii protein c cha tryptophan l tin cht ca auxin. Mt khc,
Gb gip tng hp acid polyhydroxy cinnamic, cht ny cn hot ng ca
enzym AIA -oxydaz phn hy auxin.
+ Gb iu ha biu hin gen
66
CYTOKININ
Lch s
- Haberlant (1913) ghi nhn c mt cht di chuyn trong m libe, cm ng
s phn chia t bo trong nhu m khoai ty.
- 1939, Chiball ghi nhn trong qu trnh tng hp protein c mt cht xut pht
t r lm cho l khng gi ( nhnh c r mc, l c gi lu)
- Skoog (1949) vi phng php nui cy m thn cy thuc l ghi nhn
+ ty thn khng tng trng c khi khng c AIA
+ Khi c AIA, t bo tng rng nhng khng phn chia
+ T bo ch phn chia sau khi m mch c thnh lp v tip xc vi nhu m
ty.
Nh vy, m mch phi c cht g cm ng phn chia t bo.
- Nm 1954, Miller ly trch t tinh trng c mi mt cht kch thch
phn chia t bo v xc nh cu trc ca n.
Sau , khi ly trch trong nhiu thc vt v cht ny c tnh cht phn chia t
bo (cytokinesis) nn gi l cytokinin.
67
.Hin din
Trong tt c cc thc vt v ni ang c s phn bo mnh
Cytokinin hai dng: dng t do v dng dnh vi ARNt.
.Ly trch v o
Dung mi hu c (alcool, aceton, butanol) vi pH thch hp
.Sinh tng hp
Ni tng hp : cht r (vng sinh m).
.Di chuyn
Theo hai chiu c mch mc v libe nhng nhiu nht l qua m mc.
C s di chuyn th ng v hot ng (cn O2)
.Thoi ha
c bit rt t.
68
.Tc dng
* mc c quan
+ G min trng chi, ht
+ To n mi, cn s lo ha, cn s rng l
+ Lm tng dy l (kch thch phn chia t bo)
+ Kch thch s thnh lp c, gip tch tr tinh bt c.
* mc t bo
Cytokinin kch thch s phn chia t bo v phn ha t bo.
* mc phn t
Cha c bit r. C vai tr trong s nhn bit codon thch hp, iu ha s
sinh tng hp protein.
.Tng hp
Do cng thc tng i t phc tp nn tng hp c nhiu loi
.ng dng
Trong nui cy m, trong gim cnh, kch thch to hoa ci.
Trong tng trng tri, lm tri lu chn, chng rng
69
CH3
CH3
CH
OH
CH3
CH
COOH
CH
70
.Hin din
Gp mi loi thc vt , ABA hin din nhiu m lo v trng thnh
hoc hoa tri non, ht. Lng trung bnh 0,01 1ppm
Thng hai dng t do v dnh vi glucoid.
.Ly trch o
Nh cht auxin: dng sc k kh, trc nghim min dch, sinh trc nghim
( dip tiu, cy mm)
.Sinh tng hp
Ni tng hp: l trng thnh
Tin cht: acid mevalonic qua trung gian carotenoid.
.Di chuyn
Di chuyn theo hai hng mch mc v mch libe.
.Thoi ha
Cha r, c th dng dnh.
71
.Tc dng:
* Mc c th:
- Gy s lo, lm hoa, tri, n b rng
- Lm mt mu xanh (bin i dip lc t lm 4 nhn pyrol khng ng vng
c)
- Gy min trng chi, ht
-Lm chm s di chuyn qua mch libe.
-Lm ng khu, gip thc vt chng chu hn, cn s thot hi nc.
* mc t bo
L mt anti Giberelin c tc dng cn phn chia t bo.
* mc phn t
Cha r. C l ABA c ch tng hp ADN, ARN.
.Tng quan
- c ch tng hp ethylen
- Cn phn bo, cn ko di t bo, cn s vn chuyn cc cht d tr
. Ap dng: (cha nhiu)
72
ETHYLEN (C2H4)
.Lch s
c bit t lu.
- Giardin (1864) nhn thy cy b rng l do t
- Werner ghi nhn trn cy mm u khng theo quang hng ng thun khi
ny mm.
- Nm 1901, ethylen c coi nh l mt yu t ca hi c.
- Nelsubov (1913) ghi nhn chnh cy mm u khng mc thng ng l do
kh hi trong phng th nghim (khi ma ng dng l si). Nu kh ny
c kh c bi oxyt ng s khng c mm u cong. Ong chng minh
acetylen, ethylen vi nng 0,06 ppm lm cho mm u mc ngang.
- Sau , trong qu trnh vn chuyn tri (cam, chanh), ngi ta pht hin c
nhng l chn nhanh. Quan st k th hin tng ny do nm mc to ethylen
thc hi s chn (ghi nhn California).
- Game (1934) gi c ethylen v xc nh c lng Ethylen to ra
tri to.
73
.Hin din
Ethylen hin din mi thc vt, mi ni trong c th v c nng tng
i thp (50l/kg).
Thng gp khi c vt thng, hoa rng, tri chn, c quan lo
.Ly trch v o
Ly trch dng sc k kh.
L mt cht hi nn kh o, dng php sc k kh khi ph
.Sinh tng hp
Ni tng hp: ty th gi, c quan lo.
.Di chuyn
L mt cht hi, s di chuyn khng t ra.
Ethylen thot ra b c ch bi nhit thp v nng oxy thp.
.Thoi ha
To thnh CO2
74
.Tc dng
* mc c th
- Thc y s chn tri, s lo lm rng tri, l, hoa.
- Lm mt tnh hng ng
- G min trng chi, ht
- Lm tri mm, i mu
-Trong ti, Ethylen cn s ko di nhng kch thch ph to ra.
- Kch thch to hoa, mt vi cy kch thch to hoa ci.
* mc t bo
Ethylen nh hng trn tnh thm ca mng, cc cu t d b phn hy.
* mc phn t
Cha r v y l mt cht hi, n gin.
Ethylen gip sinh tng hp cellulase, polygalacturonase, mARN.
75
.Tng hp
Thng dng acetylen (C2H2), propylen c hot tnh ko di hn
Ethrel (acid 2-chloro- ethan phosphoric) nh ethylen t t.
.Tng quan (auxin giberelin cytokinin ABA)
Ethylen c lin quan n auxin v cytokinin (trong s tng hp). Ethylen khi
to ra lm hi s chuyn ch auxin.
Kch thch tng hp ABA.
nh hng trn s phn bo, khng cn tnh bn thm mng.
. ng dng:
Kch thch to m cao su
Ra bng ng lot mt s loi TV
Chn tri.
Cn ethylen bng cch gim nng oxy, bo qun nhit thp.
76
CC NI YU T KHC:
Vitamin l mt hp cht hu c c thc vt tng hp thc hin
cc phn ng sinh ha trong c th thc vt. V d: vitamin B1, B6, B5 cn cho
r
Acid amin l mt nhu cu khng th thiu i vi ng vt. thc vt
c th t tng hp acid amin.
77
VT
S chuyn hng t sinh dng sang pht trin l s to hoa.
S to hoa bao gm s tng v n hoa.
NH SNG
Quang k: l thi gian chiu sng trong mt ngy.
Lch s:
Nm 1920, Garner v Allard xng ra nguyn tc quang k.
chia thc vt lm ba loi cy: cy ngy di, cy ngy ngn v cy phim
nh.
Yu cu ca quang k
Tui ca thc vt:
Thc vt phi tri qua mt giai on u nin mi cm ng c.
S quang k cm ng
Quang k cm ng l quang k kch thch tr hoa, khi cy tr hoa ri th
khng cn duy tr na.
Cy phi c gi trong cc iu kin quang k c nh trong mt hoc nhiu
chu l lin tip mi tr hoa c.
Quang k ty thuc thc vt
iu kin: D k phi lin tc (nghim nht).
80
83
.Cht cn ra hoa
nhiu loi thc vt, ngoi vic cm ng quang k, nu b l cng s to hoa
nhanh; cn nu l s khng to hoa. V d: mai
Nh vy, iu kin quang k khng thch hp, cy s to ra mt cht cn
tr s to hoa. Cht ny theo dng cht hu c n n v cn tr to hoa. Khi
c quang k thch hp, cht kch thch s c to ra di chuyn t l n n.
y c mt s cn bng nghing v cht kch thch, cy s to hoa.
Kt lun: S pht trin ca thc vt do gen kim sot. iu kin mi trng
thch hp s cm ng ADN to ARN v gii m ra Protein to thnh enzyme
xc tc cc phn ng. Qu trnh ny c kim sot bi cc cht iu ha sinh
trng thc vt. Cc cht ny lun tc ng ln nhau t n mt t l cn
bng gip thc vt pht trin theo hng nh sn.
84
CHNG XI:
S TO TRI V HI
85
86
NGUN GC TRI
Cc khi nim tri
Tri pht trin t b nhy, nhng nhiu c quan khc cng tham gia vo
s thnh lp tri: Cnh hoa (du tm), (du ty), l bc (thm), c hnh
thnh bi cc c quan hoa kt hp vi (Pyrus malus), hay bao quanh trc
phc hoa (sung). Nhng c quan khc b nhy tham gia vo s hnh thnh tri
th gi l tri gi (gi qu).
Thng tri pht trin sau s th tinh, nhng cc tri chui (Musa),
cam qut (Citrus), nho (Vitis) pht trin m khng c s hnh thnh ht. Hin
tng ny c gi l tri khng ht. mt s thc vt nh u phng
(Arachis hypogaea), tri ch pht trin sau khi cung nhy xuyn vo trong t
mang theo l non vi bu non th tinh (Zamski and Ziv, 1976).
Cu to tri:
V qu ngai (ngai qu b): c mu xanh do vch bu nhy pht trin
V qu gia (trung qu b): do nhu m sinh ra.
V qu trong: do biu b trong to ra, c vch dy. T bo c th di thnh si hoc c
lng nh tri cam. tri cam v trong l thnh phn tch ri khi tri d dng khi trng
thnh.
87
88
HT
ICu trc ht
Ht gm:
Phi cha: r mm thn mm chi mm t dip
Phi nh cn hay c tiu ha
V ca ht
IINgun gc
Non sau khi th tinh ht.
Hp t ph 3n (1n t tinh t v 1 nhn ph-2n) phi nh .
Hp t chnh (1 tinh t v 1 non cu) to trng (2n) phi.
Phi tri qua bn giai on:
+ giai on hnh cu
+ giai on hnh tri tim (t dip bt u hnh thnh)
+ giai on hnh c ui (t dip hon thnh h thng mch xut hin)
+ giai on t dip hon chnh (h thng mch hnh thnh)
Khi phi trng thnh (tch tr cht d tr, gim hp thu nc) v i vo min
trng to nn ht trng thnh.
92
V non bin thnh v ht.
CU TRC HT (2 L MM)
93
CU TRC HT
(MT L MM)
94
III-
Thnh phn ha hc
IVi sng ca ht
i sng ca ht l khong thi gian t khi phi c thnh lp y n khi
ht ny mm thnh cy con.
y l giai on sng chm.
i sng ngn: cao su, thu du c i sng ca ht nh hn mt
thng; u phng, m ht c i sng t 6 thng n 1 nm.
i sng trung bnh: c thi gian sng t 3-10 nm. V d: da chut,
c chc, a s ht ca cy n tri
i sng di: > 10 nm: g, sen.
i vi cc loi ht c i sng ngn, trong ht c cha du. Ngc
li i vi cc ht c i sng di, ht thng cha tinh b, v ht dy, xp
kht nhau lm gim s trao i vi mi trng.
96
VS ln mm ca ht
Ln mm l s ti lp tng trng ca phi a r mm ra ngoi v. R
mm chui ra non khu v m thng vo t.
C hai kiu ln mm:
Ln mm thng a: tr h dip tng trng a t dip (ht) ln trn mt t.
T dip va c nhim v d tr (d tr l ch yu) va c nhim v ng ha
v c dip lc nhn nh sng.
Ln mm h a: tr thng dip tng trng nn ht (phi nh) nm li trong
t.
T dip ch l c quan d tr. a s ht c phi nh u c kiu ln mm h
a.
97
98
d. S bin i cc enzyme
Enzyme c rt t ht kh nhng c tng hp mnh ht ngm
nc. ht ny mm, c mt lng ln enzyme to thnh.
S tng hp cc enzyme chu nh hng ca nhit , lng nc trong cc c
quan. Phi thng tng hp enzyme nhiu nht ri n t dip v phi nh.
e. Acid nucleic
Tng rt mnh, nht l cc ARNm, ARNt, ARNr
f. Sinh t (vitamin)
Sinh t c nh hng n s pht trin ca cy mm. Nu trong thnh
phn ca ht thiu sinh t th n s t tng hp thm cht ny khi ny mm.
g. Cht iu ha sinh trng thc vt
Ht tng tng hp cc cht kch thch (cytokinin, auxin, giberelin) v
loi b cht cn (acid abcisic, polyphenol,.).
99
Nc
L yu t quan trng nht. Nc c ht hp thu cho n khi bo ha.
Oxy
L cht cn cho qu trnh h hp. Nng oxy cn thit ph thuc vo tng
loi ht.
Nhit
Nhit ma hoc nhit ngy c nh hng ln s ny mm ca ht.
kch thch s ln mm ca ht, ngi ta thng s dng nc kt hp vi nhit
thp.
nh sng
y l iu kin khng nghim nht, ty theo loi.
Cht thu nhn nh sng ca ht l phytochrome, gm c hai loi:
Pr thu nhn tia
Pfr thu nhn tia xa
Pr khi thu nhn tia s chuyn thnh Pfr kch thch s ln mm. Ngc li, t
100
Pfr chuyn thnh Pr s cn ny mm.
S cng sinh
i vi vi loi thc vt, cng sinh c tc dng tch cc ln s ny mm ca
ht.
V d: i vi ht lan, khi cng sinh vi vi khun Rhizotonia kch thch ht ny
mm.
Nguyn nhn: vi khun cng sinh cung cp cht dinh dng phi nh
pht trin y . Khi , ht mi ln mm.
b. Ni yu t:
Ht phi trng thnh:
C s pht trin y cc c quan ca phi
Cha cc cht d tr cn thit gip cy mm pht trin
Ht khng cn trng thi min trng:
V ca ht thm nc v oxy
Cc cht cn (nu c) c lai b
Tng hp y cc cht thuc nhm kch thch
101
I SNG CHM
Trong qu trnh pht trin (chu k sng), c lc cc hot ng gim n mc
ti thiu. gi l trng thi sng tim sinh. V d: ht, bo t
c tnh
- Hot ng bin dng gim n mc ti thiu
- C th s tr li i sng bnh thng nu iu kin thch hp.
- S sng chm c tnh hon nghch.
Y ngha ca i sng chm:
Chng chi li vi ngoi cnh.
102
A. Min trng ca ht
ICu trc ht
Ht gm phi- r mm thn mm chi mm t dip
Phi nh
V ca ht.
IINgun gc
Non sau khi th tinh ht.
Hp t ph 3n (1n t tinh t v 1 nhn ph-2n) phi nh .
Hp t chnh (1 tinh t v 1 non cu) to trng (2n) phi.
Phi tri qua bn giai on:
+ giai on hnh cu
+ giai on hnh tri tim
+ giai on hnh c ui)
+ giai on t dip hon chnh
Khi phi trng thnh (tch tr cht d tr, gim hp thu nc) v i vo min
trng to nn ht trng thnh.
V non bin thnh v ht.
103
IIIThnh phn ha hc
Nc (ti thiu), cht khong, cht hu c, vitamin, cht iu ha sinh trng
thc vt.
IVi sng ca ht
i sng ca ht l khong thi gian t khi phi c thnh lp y n khi
ht ny mm thnh cy con.
Chia lm 3 loi:
i sng ngn: t 6 thng n 1 nm. Thng cha du.
i sng trung bnh: t 3-10 nm.
i sng di: ht c cha tinh b, v ht dy, xp kht nhau
VS ln mm ca ht
Ln mm l s ti lp tng trng ca phi a r mm ra ngoi v. R
mm chui ra non khu v m thng vo t.
C hai kiu ln mm:
+ Ln mm thng a:
104
+ Ln mm h a:
B- S min trng ht
D cc iu kin ny mm (ngoi yu t) nhng ht vn khng ln mm
min trng l do cc yu t bn trong (ni yu t).
Min trng thay i ty theo loi ht.
I- nh ngha
Ht min trng l ht cha c kh nng ln mm d ht vn sng. l v ht
cn phi c thi gian tng hp cc cht iu ha sinh trng thc vt,
bin i cc cht cn trong ht ht ny mm.
II- Nguyn nhn
a. Do ht cha trng thnh sinh l
b. Trng lng ht
Ht nng cn, pht trin u n s d ln mm hn.
c. V ca ht
d. Min trng do c quan
Do chi, r mm khng tng trng bnh thng do s phn phi nc trong
ht km.
107
Do vi khun tiu hy auxin lm cho l mm qun queo.
C- Hu min chi
I- iu kin mi trng
Trong nhiu loi cy g, c bit l thc vt c ht vng n i, min trng
chi rt ph bin.
S to chi ngh (min trng) c kim sot bi quang k.
S min trng chi cn ko theo s rng l, s gim hot ng ca tng tng
v s gia tng chng chu lnh.
II- Ni nhn cm ng
L l ni nhn bit s thay i ca mi trng.
III- C ch
Quang k nh hng trn min trng chi. Phytochrome trn l l ni nhn nh
sng (theo Vince-Prue, 1985).
S min trng chi c hai kiu:
- Kim sot bi m di: c kim sot nghim nht
- m di khng bt buc.
109
110
Kt lun
Thc vt qua cc cch trao i nc v cht khong vi mi trng
s l ngun nguyn liu tng hp cht hu c.
Qua c ch quang hp v h hp, thc vt to thnh cc hp cht
bin dng v nng lng cn thit tng trng v pht trin.
Trong qu trnh sng thc vt phi chu tc ng bi cc yu t mi
trng. Cc yu t tc ng ln c th thc vt t thc vt
s t chc li c th (cu trc v hat ng bin dng) phn ng
vi mi trng mt cch tt nht tn ti v pht trin.
Cc hat ng c xem xt cc mc khc nhau: c th, c
quan, m, t bo v di t bo.
111