Unit 2: Chain Surveying

25 November 08

Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

Topics covered
Different methods for linear measurement,
instruments for chaining
Different types of Chains/Tapes
Ranging - Direct, Indirect, chaining on sloping
ground
Chain surveying: survey station, survey line,
locating the ground features with the help of offsets.
Chain surveying, fieldwork & office work

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

2.1 Linear measurement- Basics

Horizontal distance is correct
One of the basic function in
surveying
B
Always horizontal not sloping
distance
No way to check the error other
A
than remeasuring

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

2.1 Linear measurement

methods
Methods
Direct measurements

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By optical means

Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

Electronic methods

2.1 Direct measurements

Instruments such as

Pacing
Passometer
Pedometer
Odometer or Speedometer

Rough methods for preliminary survey

Check of large mistakes in measurement made by more
precise method
Unsuitable in irregular and sloping ground
Precision 1/50 to 1/200

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

2.1 Taping / Chaining

Chaining or taping carries same meaning

Use of either chain or tape.

One of the accurate method of direct measurements
This method is basis for most surveying.
Precision

1/1000 to 1/5000 (ordinary land survey)

Use of chain or tape

Chain (Early 1600s)

Steel tape in use by early 2000s
Tape is very common nowadays.

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

2.1 Instruments for

chaining/taping
Chain/tape
Arrows
pegs
Ranging rods
Plumb bob
Hand level

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

2.1 Instruments for

chaining/taping

Contd.

Arrows

10 arrows

Pegs

Station position
Terminal points of survey line

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

2.1 Instruments for

chaining/taping

Contd.

Ranging rods

Used to range intermediate points on survey line

Length 2 m ( very common) or 3 m
Bands of 20 cm painted alternate colour( red & white, black &
white)

Ranging poles

Similar to ranging rod but big in size

Used in case of long lines
Used to range intermediate points on survey line

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

2.1 Instruments for

chaining/taping

Contd.

Plumb bob

Verticality of ranging pole

Transferring the points to ground
Also used for centring purpose in
other surveying methods.

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

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2.2 Different types of chain/tape

Chain (Absolute equipment at present)

Metric chain (available in 5,10,20

meter)
Gunters or surveyors chain (66 ft of
100 links)
Engineers chain (100 ft of 100 links)
Revenue chain (33 ft of 16 links)
Steel band or band chain ( 20 or 30 m)

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

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2.2 Different types of chain/tape

Contd.

Tape

Cloth or Lenin tape

Metallic tape
Steel tape
Invar tape (Alloy of nickel 36% & steel)

Cloth Tape
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Steel Tape
Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

Linen Tape

Metallic Tape
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2.3 Ranging
When the length of survey line is greater than chain or
tape length

Process of establishing intermediate points

Methods

Direct Ranging
Indirect Ranging
Intermediate points

> one tape length

B

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

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2.3 Direct ranging

Direct ranging

When two end points are intervisible

Either by eye or through optical instruments such as

Line ranger
Theodolite

Code of signals used to direct assistant

< one tape length

P

A
Transverse movement
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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

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2.3 Indirect ranging

Indirect ranging

When two end points are not intervisible

With the aid of two intermediate points very near to the line

B
M

M3
M2

M1

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N
N3

N2
N1

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2.3 Chaining/taping over sloping

ground
Methods

Direct method or method of stepping

Indirect method
With the aid of vertical angle measurement
With the aid of difference in level measurement
Hypotenusal allowance

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

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Contd.

2.3 Chaining/taping over sloping

ground
Direct method or stepping method

Convenient to proceed down-hill

Tape shall be horizontal
Sufficient pull to avoid sag
Lengths of steps inversely proportion to degree of slopes.
l1

l2
l3
l4
D = (l1+l2+l3+l4)

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

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Contd.

2.3 Chaining/taping over sloping

ground
Indirect method (Vertical angle measured)

Clinometer to measure vertical angle

A

D1 = s1cos1
The required horizontal distance (D) =s cos

s1

Indirect method (difference in height)

Level machine is used

to measure h to compute D.

D = ( s - h
2

D1

A
h
C

Indirect method (Hypotensual allowance)

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= 1 CHAIN ( sec 1)

Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

D2

BA = 1 CHAIN sec
AA / = BA - BA /

s2

BA / = BC = 1 CHAIN

1 ch

ain

1 chain
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2.4 Chain surveying

What is chain surveying?
Principle of chain
surveying

Triangulation

Survey stations

Main station (A, B, C,E)

Subsidiary stations (F, G, H)
Marking of stations

Survey lines

Main survey lines

Base lines
Check lines
Tie lines

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

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2.4 Survey stations & survey lines

Station

Mutually visible

Survey lines

Few as far as possible

Must have one base line
Pass through level ground
Form well-conditioned triangle
Sufficient check line

Short offset
Should not pass through obstacle
Should fall within the boundaries

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2.4 Locating the ground

features
Offsets- lateral distance of an object
from survey line.
Offsets should be as small as possible
Types

Perpendicular less measuring on ground

A
Oblique
Method of ties

900

B
C

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

900

21

2.4 Locating the ground

features
Swing of the tape on chain
line
Shortest distance is
perpendicular offset

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

Contd.

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2.4 Locating the ground

features
Offsets are taken in the
order of their chaninage.
Number of offsets depends
upon the shape of objects

Contd.

Boundary wall

Straight wall, zigzag wall, road

with constant width

Constant width road

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2.4 Locating the ground

features

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

Contd.

24

2.5 Chain surveying (field/office

work)
Equipment

Chain/Tape (>30 m)
10 Arrows
Raging rods
A tape ( 10 m or 20 m )
Cross staff or Optical square
Field book, pencil
Plumb bob
Pegs, wooden hammer, chalks

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2.5 Field work

Field work consists of three steps
Reconnaissance
Marking and fixing survey stations
Running survey lines

Reconnaissance

Walkover survey with the view of principle of

surveying
Reference sketch
Thinking of possible problem and their solution
in actual survey

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Contd.

2.5 Field work

Purpose is to enable to locate stations

during progress of work
Wooden pegs in soft ground
Nails or spikes in hard surface (road) &
flushed with pavement
For a long time used station, a stone of
standard size fixed with mortar
Reference of two or three permanent
object

Building

Chaupari
9.90m

9.65m

10.50m
Electric pole

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

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Contd.

2.5 Field work

Start chaining from base line

Consists of two folds

Chain the survey line

Locate the adjacent details

Chaupari
One tape length

Building

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Contd.

2.5 Field work

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2.5 Office work

Part of office work
Computation of data
Plotting work

Size of paper should be

standard (in mm)

A0 = 840 * 1188
A1 = 594 * 840
A2 = 594 * 420
A3 = 420 * 297
A4 = 297 * 210

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2.5 Plotting work

Fix the scale of survey before
starting

Purpose of survey
Extent of survey
Finance available

North upward rule

Nice lettering (Always in the
drawing)
Skeleton first then offsets

Use of tracing paper for proper

orientation

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2.5 Plotting work

Start with base line
Triangles are laid by intersection of
arcs
Verification of check lines
Offsets are then plotted by

Set square or
Offset scale

Ground features representation

with symbol
Title box and legend box
Use of HB, 2H and 3H pencils

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Conventional symbols

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Contd.

Conventional symbols

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Any questions? Querries?

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Unit 2 :Chain Surveying

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