Overview

(Welcome Parents!)
Chapter 3 - Buoyancy versus gravity =
stability
(see Chapter Objectives in text)
Builds on Chapters 1 and 2
6-week exam is Chapters 1-3!

HYDROSTATICS
Review (3.1)
Archimedes Principle:
An object partially or fully submerged in a fluid
will experience a resultant vertical force equal
in magnitude to the weight of the volume of
fluid displaced by the object.
This force is called the buoyant force or the
force of buoyancy(FB).

HYDROSTATICS
Review (3.1)
Mathematical Equation:

FB g

Where. . .
FB

is the magnitude of the resultant buoyant force in lb,

is the density of the fluid in lb s2 / ft4 ,

is the magnitude of the acceleration of gravity normally

taken to be 32.17 ft / s2 .

is the volume of fluid displaced by the object in ft 3 .

HYDROSTATICS

Static Equilibrium : Forces and Moments

(3.1.2.1-2)
Sum of the Resultant Forces:

Fx 0

Fy 0

Fz 0 FB
FB

= ship weight or disp

Sum of the Moments about a reference point:

0
M

p
Static equilibrium must consist of both
conditions!

Hydrostatics
Vessel Degrees of Freedom
And Static Equilibrium
The forces lead to
translations:
Heave
Surge
Sway

The moments lead

to rotations:
Roll
Pitch
Yaw

HYDROSTATICS
Static Equilibrium : Stability

Is this boat in static equilibrium?

What are the component forces and moments?
Are they internal or external?

HYDROSTATICS
Static Equilibrium (3.1.1.2)
Port

Starboard
Resultant
Weight, s

W
Distibuted
Hydrostatic
Forces

Hydrostatic
Pressure

G
B

Atmospheric
Pressure

Resultant Vertical
Buoyant Force
FB

HYDROSTATICS
Static Equilibrium : Stability (3.2)
t

HYDROSTATICS
Changes in the Center of Gravity (3.2)
The Center of Gravity (G) is the point at which all
of the mass of the ship can be considered to
be located (for most problems).
It is referenced vertically from the keel of the ship
(KG or VCG).
(1) Shifting, (2) adding, or (3) removing weight
changes the location of the Center of Gravity.
(g refers to the CG of a weight).

HYDROSTATICS
Static Equilibrium : Stability

Where is the Center of Gravity?

The Center of Buoyancy?
Are they vertically aligned?

HYDROSTATICS
Changes in the Center of Gravity (3.2.1.1)
When weight is added to
a ship the G will
move in a straight
line from its current
position toward the
center of gravity of
the weight being
added. G0 to Gf.
What happens to the
Center of Buoyancy
(and the ship)?

WL

Gf

Go

C
L

BL

HYDROSTATICS
Changes in the Center of Gravity (3.2.1.2)
When weight is
removed from a ship,
G will move
in a straight line from
its current position
away from the center
of gravity of the
weight being
removed. G0 to Gf.

WL

Go

Gf

CL

BL

HYDROSTATICS
Changes in the Center of Gravity (3.2.1.3)
Port

When a small
weight is shifted, G
will move parallel to
the weight shift but a
much smaller
distance because it is
only a small fraction
of the total weight of
the ship.

Starboard

gf

Gf

Go

go

CL

BL

HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.1)

Where:
KGfinal is the final vertical position of the center of gravity
of the ship as referenced from the keel. KGs are in feet.
KGinitial is the initial vertical position of the center of gravity
of the ship as referenced from the keel.

HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.1)
And,
s final

is the final displacement of the ship in LT. In this

example, it is equal to the initial
displacement plus the weight added.

s initial

is the initial displacement of the ship in LT.

Kg added weight is the vertical position of the center of gravity of

the weight being added as referenced from the keel.
This line segment is a distance in feet.
w added weight is the weight of the weight to be added in LT.

HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.1)
The first equation was for a weight addition. What
do you do for a weight removal or shift?
Re-examine our first equation:

HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.2)
For a weight removal:

HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.3)
Similarly, for a weight shift, the final equation is:

KGfinal

KGinitial

s initial

w (Kgaddedweight Kgremovedweight )

s final

HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.4)
Combining all three conditions gives a general
equation for a vertical change in the Center of
Gravity:

HYDROSTATICS
Vertical Shift in the Center of Gravity (3.2.2.4)
Last Comments:
The general equation covers all cases for a
change in KG. This is the equation you should
apply to the exams!
See example 3-2 in notes.
Examples...

HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in the Center of Gravity
(3.2.3)
Shifts side to side of the Center of Gravity.
Starboard is positive and port is negative.

As in Vertical case, the Transverse movement of

G may be caused by either (1) addition, (2)
removal, or (3) shifting of weights.

HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3)
Results in a List on the Vessel.
List occurs when a vessel is in static
equilibrium and down by either the port or
starboard side. No external forces are required to
maintain this condition and it is permanent unless
the Center of Gravity changes.
List is different from heeling. Heeling
occurs because an external couple is acting on
the vessel. Heeling is a more temporary
condition.

HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3)
Example (Listing or Heeling?)

HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3)
From the previous material, which direction
does the Center of Gravity move when
weight is added, removed or shifted?
What happens to the Center of Buoyancy?

HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3)

HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3)
The Transverse Center of Gravity is
referenced in the transverse
(athwartships) direction from the
centerline of the ship and is labeled TCG.
The equation used for a transverse shift in
the Center of Gravity is the same as was
used for the vertical shift! (With some
changes in the notation.)

HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3.4)
Remember a weight shift is just like removing a
weight from its original location and adding it
to its final location. So for just a weight shift,
the generalized equation simplifies to:
TCG final

TCG initial

s initial

w ( Tcg

added weight

Tcg removed

weight )

final

and:

s final s initial w removed weight wadded weight

HYDROSTATICS
Vertical and Transverse Changes in G

K G
K G

f in a l

N
in it ia l

s in it ia l

i 1

( w i ) ( K g i )

s in it ia l

i 1

N
T C G in it i a l s in it i a l ( w ) ( T c g i )
i

1
i
T C G fin a l
N
in it i a l w i
s

HYDROSTATICS
Transverse Shift in Center of Gravity (3.2.3.4)
Review example 3-3 in the text.
Note: You can either memorize the entire
equations, or be able to derive them from static
equilibrium:

HYDROSTATICS
Metacenter (3.3)
A reference point for hydrostatic
calculations for small angles of roll or
pitch.
Defined as the intersection of the resultant
buoyancy forces for a range of roll or
pitch between 0 and 10 degrees.

HYDROSTATICS
Metacenter (3.3)
Beyond 10 degrees roll or pitch, the Metacenter is
no longer stationary and becomes less
accurate.
There is a different Metacenter for ship pitching in
the longitudinal direction and ships rolling in
the transverse direction. The longitudinal
Metacenter is usually 10-30 times larger.

HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Radius (3.3.1.1)
The distance from the Metacenter to the
Center of Buoyancy is defined as the
Metacentric Radius (BM)(feet).
For small angles on inclination, the Center
of Buoyancy moves in a circular arc
about the Metacenter.

HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Radius (3.3.1.1)

HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Height (3.3.1.2)
The distance between the Center of Gravity (G)
and the Metacenter (M) is defined as the
Metacentric Height (GM).
If G is below M, then GM is said to be positive.
The ship does not want to capsize. This is
GOOD!
If G coincides with M, then GM is said to be
zero. A vessel would stay heeled.
If G is above M, the GM is said to be negative.
The ship will tip over. This is NOT GOOD!

HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Radius (3.3.2.2)
To determine the values for the previous
measurements, we find:
KG = KM - GM
Where,
KM is found from the Curves of Form.
GM is found by an inclining experiment or by
lengthy, tedious calculations.

HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Radius (3.3.2.2)
KM=KB + BM where:
KB is found by numerical integration
BM is found by:
2 y 2 ydx 2 y 3dx
IT

BM T

s
s
s

is the half breadth distance in ft

ydx is the area of the differential element on

the operating waterplane in ft2 .

HYDROSTATICS
Metacentric Radius (3.3.2.2)
s

is the submerged volume of the ships hull in ft3

IT

is the second moment of the operating

waterplane area in the transverse direction
with respect to the x axis. It has units of ft 4 .

HYDROSTATICS
Calculating Angle of List (3.4)
As a weight shifts across the deck of a vessel, the
vessel inclines. How can we predict the angle
of inclination?
Derivation of Equation
Draw the vessel starting with the Center of
Gravity on the centerline so that the vessel will
have no list.

Calculating Angle of List (3.4)

HYDROSTATICS
Calculating Angle of List (3.4.2)
The weight is shifted causing a shift in the Center
of Gravity.
A moment is created causing the vessel to incline.
The underwater shape of the hull changes
causing the Center of Buoyancy (B) to move
until it is in line with the Center of Gravity (G)
and the vessel is back in static equilibrium.

HYDROSTATICS
Calculating Angle of List (3.4.3)
From the geometry of the situation, we see:

Substituting this into the equation for the change

in the Center of Gravity we get:

HYDROSTATICS
Calculating Angle of List (3.4.3)
Where: t is the distance the weight is shifted.

This equation only works for small angles

because it assumes that the Metacenter does
not move.

HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5)
Uses small-angle hydrostatics to find the
vertical center of gravity (KG) of a ship.
Process:
A weight is moved a transverse distance,
causing a shift in the TCG, and resulting in
measurable inclination (list).

HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5)

Navy 44 Incline Experiment

HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.1)
Solving the Angle of Heel equation for the
metacentric height, we find:

We could measure at one angle of inclination and

determine GM, but this would have significant
experimental errors, so we measure the
inclination with different weights and different
positions.

HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.1)
We then plot the data on a graph where the yaxis is the Inclining Moment (wt) and the x- axis is
the Tangent of the inclining angle (Tan ).
The average value of GM can be found from the
slope of the line. We can see that:
Go M

wi t i
tan

s as inclined

Average Go M (slope of the tan

versus wi t i curve)

s as inclined

HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.1)
Recall: We want to find the Center of Gravity
which can be found by the equation:

KM is found from the Curves of Form

GM is found from the Inclining Experiment

HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.2)
Removing the Inclining Apparatus we must
recalculate KG. This is done as a weight
removal problem:

HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.2)
The Inclining Apparatus
consists of a long wire with
a bob suspended from a tall
mast. By measuring the
deflection of the wire and
knowing the height of the
mast, we can calculate Tan .

HYDROSTATICS
Inclining Experiment (3.5.3)
Shipboard Considerations:
No initial list.
Minimum trim.
Dry bilges.
Liquid fuel and oil to be in accordance with the
Shipyard Memo.
Sluice valves closed.
All consumables are to be inventoried.
Minimum number of personnel remain onboard.
See example 3-4 in your text.

HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
A longitudinal shift in the CG will result in the
vessel having some trim.
Trim is the difference between the forward and aft
drafts, Tf and Ta. It may be calculated by:

T r im = T
The Mean Draft is:

a ft

- T

fw d

HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
A vessel is trimmed by the bow when the bow has
a deeper draft. This is indicated by a negative
trim.
A vessel is trimmed by the stern when the stern
has a deeper draft. This is indicated by a
positive trim.

What is the point which the vessel trims about?

HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
What happens when a weight is shifted forward or
aft?
The vessel goes down by the bow or stern
depending on the direction of the weight shift.
Note that the change in trim is independent of
the original location of the weight. (i.e. It only
matters whether the weight moves forward or aft)

HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
The Trim Problem (3.6)
Draw a picture of what is happening when a
vessel trims due to a weight shift:

HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
As the weight shifts forward, a new operating waterline is
created and the draft decreases aft and increases
forward.

HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
We now have two similar triangles and will draw a
third which represents the change in trim.

HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
To calculate the final drafts we will need:
Tfwd final Tfwd initial Tfwd due to momentcreatedby wl Tfwd due to adding or removingweight

Taft final Taft initial Taft due to momentcreatedby wl Taft due to adding or

removingweight

Where we use the similar triangles to find the

change in draft due to the weight shift.

Taft

due to wl

daft

Tfwd due to wl

dfwd

TRIM

Lpp

HYDROSTATICS
Longitudinal Changes in the Center of Gravity
(3.6)
Both MT1 and TPI are found from the
Curves of Form.