Basic Cell Structure

Cells
Basic building blocks of
life
Understanding of cell
morphology is critical to
the study of biotechnology

Cell
Smallest living unit of an
organism
Grow, reproduce, use
energy, adapt, respond to
their environment

Cell
Many cannot be seen with
the naked eye
A cell may be an entire
organism or it may be one of
billions of cells that make up
the organism

Cells
Divided and classified in
many ways
One common classification
method is the presence or
absence of a cell necleus

Nucleus
Relatively large structure
with a cell
Directs cell activities
Some simple single celled
organisms lack a nucleus

Nucleus
Prokaryotes have no
nucleus
Eukaryotes have a
nucleus

Prokaryotes
Single celled organism
Kingdom Monera
Lacks a cell nucleus
Internal structure is less
organized than other cells

Prokaryotes
Genetic info needed is
within the cell
Two most common blue
green bacteria and true
bacteria

Blue green bacteria

Have ability to produce
their own food like plants
Most bacteria get their
food from other sources

Prokaryotes
Less complex than
eukaryotes
Still have many of the
basic internal
characteristics

Common prokaryote
structures

Cytoplasm
Chromosomal material
Cell membrane and wall
Ribosomes
Some have flagellum for
mobility

Eukaryotes
Organism made up of cells
that have a nucleus
May be single celled
Kingdom Protista
May have billions of cells like
plant and animal kingdoms

Eukaryotes
Single celled eukaryotes
include paramecia,
euglena, and diatoms

Eukaryotes
Typically are highly
organized
Infinite number of shapes
and purposes

Eukaryotes
Human body has at least
85 different cell types
All eukaryotes have a
number of structures in
common

Common structures
Organelles smaller parts
of the cell with specific
funtions
Cell membrane acts as a
gatekeeper

Cell membrane
Controls what enters and
leaves the cell
Plants, algae and bacteria
typically have a tough outer
structure known as a cell
wall

Cell wall
Provides additional structure
and protects the cell from
pressure caused by
movement of water
Animal cells do not have
walls

Cytoplasm
Organelles are surrounded
by a jelly like substance
Primary component is water

Nucleus
Largest and most identifiable
part of the cell

Other organelles
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Golgi bodies
Endoplasmic reticulum

Other organelles
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts in plants

Nucleus
Brain of the cell
Site of much of the
manipulation done in
biotechnology

Nucleus
Controls activity of the cell
Round or oval structure
Typically found in the middle
of the cell
Appears darker than
surrounding material

Nucleus
Surrounded by a membrane
that controls passage of
materials in and out of the
area

Nucleus
Contains DNA
DNA is located on
chromosomes
Most organisms are diploid
have tow chromosomes for
each trait

Diploid
Humans 23 pair
Goldfish 90 chrms, 45 pair

Cytoplasmic
Organelles

Organelles are required for

proper cell function
Ribosome make proteins for
cellular use and communication
May be attached to
endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic
reticulum

Layered membraneous
Make and transport proteins

Vacuole
Large organelle, without
specific shape
Store waste or raw materials
used in synthesis of proteins

Golgi Bodies
Golgi apparatus
Similar to endo. Ret.
Look like a thick elastic band
that has been folded several
times

Golgi Bodies
Adds modifications to
unfinished proteins
Makes lysosomes

Lysosome
Small round
Store enzymes that break
down food into chemical
compounds
Destroy cell organelles and
the cell itself

Mitochondria
Energy factories
Rod shaped
Change food into molecules
that can be used for energy

Mitochondria
Contain DNA
Can replicate themselves

Chlorplast
Found in plants and some
other organisms
Contain chlorophyll

Cellular processes
Respiration
Osmosis
Diffusion
Photosynthesis

Respiration
Cells break down
carbohydrates and other
molecules to produce energy
Oxidation of glucose is one
of most common forms

Respiration
Breaking down of sugar into
water, carbon dioxide, and
energy
Energy is used to do the
work of the cell

Osmosis & Diffusion

Transport of raw materials,
wastes, and synthesized
materials out of the cell

Diffusion
Movement of molecules,
especially gases and liquids
from areas of high
concentration to areas of low
concentration

Osmosis
Specific type of diffusion
Movement of water through
a membrane from areas of
high concentration to areas
of low concentration

Equilibrium
Diffusion and osmosis
happen to enable a cell to
reach equilibrium

Cellular reproduction
Three ways
Fission
Mitosis
Meiosis

Fission
Prokaryotes
Cell grows larger and makes a
second copy of its DNA
At some point the cell membrane
divides the cell by the growth of
a transverse septum

Fission
Two new cells are formed as the
division grows inward from either
side of the cell
Two cells now called daughter
cells
Sometimes known as binary
fission

Mitosis
Eukaryotes
Requires 6 stages
Interphase, prophase,
metaphase, anaphase,
telophase, cytokinesis

Mitosis
Creates cells that are
identical to the original cell.
Have the entire compliment
of chromosomes existing in
pairs - diploid

Meiosis
Division of sex cells
Stages of Meiosis I:
Interphase I, prophase I,
metaphase I, anaphase I,
telophase I, cytokinesis I

Meiosis
Meiosis II
Interphase II, prophase II,
metaphase II, anaphase II,
telophase II, cytokinesis II

Meiosis
Each cell receives one
chromosome from each pair
randomly
Resulting cells have half the
normal number of
Chromosomes - haploid