TRNG I HC BCH KHOA TP.

HCM
B MN A TIN HC

L HONG SN

GII THIU MN HC

Mn hc cung cp cho sinh vin cc vn

:
Kin thc chung
Dng c v cc php o c bn
Thnh lp bn a hnh v mt
ct
Trc a ng dng

CHNG 1
QU T V PHNG PHP BIU DIN

1.1 HNH DNG, KCH THC QU T

1.1.1 HNH DNG
B mt tri t thc c hnh dng li
lm, g gh, khng c phng trnh ton
hc c trng
71% b mt l mt nc bin
29% b mt cn li l mt t
Chn mt nc bin trung bnh yn
tnh biu th cho hnh dng qu t gi l
mt geoid.
4

Geoid l mt nc bin trung bnh ,

yn tnh, xuyn qua cc hi o v lc a
to thnh mt cong khp kn (mt thy
chun qu t)
Geoid

c im ca mt Geoid
L mt ng th.
Mt geoid khng c phng trnh
ton hc c th.
Phng php tuyn trng phng
dy di.
Cng dng ca mt Geoid
Xc nh cao tuyt i ca cc
im trn b mt mt t.
cao tuyt i ca 1 im l
khong cch t im n mt Geoid
theo phng dy di (H).
6

Vit Nam ly mt nc bin trung bnh

ti trm nghim triu Sn, Hn Du,
Hi Phng lm mt thy chun gc (0m).
Cc mt thy chun khng i qua mt
nc bin trung bnh yn tnh gi l mt
thy chun quy c. cao xc nh so vi
cc mt ny gi l cao gi nh (H).
Do mt geoid khng c phng trnh
b mt nn khng th xc nh chnh xc v
tr cc i tng mt t thng qua mt
geoid.
7

1.1.2 KCH THC

Nhn tng qut th mt geoid c hnh
dng gn ging vi mt ellipsoid.
b
a

Geoid

Elippsoid

ellipsoid

dt

a b

PT ca ellipsoid
Ellipsoid qu t c cc c tnh sau:

t.

Khi lng ellip bng khi lng qu

Mt phng xch o ca ellipsoid

trng vi mt phng xch o ca qu t.

Trng tm ellip trng vi trng tm

qu t.
* Tng bnh phng lch gia
ellipsoid v qa t l cc tiu
9

1.1.2 KCH THC

Kch thc cc ellipsoid v ang s
dng ti Vit Nam:
Tc gi

Quc N Bn knh
Bn knh dt

gia
m ln a (m) nh b (m)
Krasovsk Lin 194
6.378.24
6.356.863 1/298,3
i
X
0 5
(c)
WGS 84 Hoa K 198
6.378.13
6.356.752, 1/298,25
4 7
3
7

Trong trng hp gn ng c th xem

qu t l mt cu c bn knh trung bnh
R 6371km
10

1.2 CC H TA DNG TRONG

TRC A
1.2.1 H ta a l (, ):
Kinh tuyn: giao tuyn ca mt phng
cha trc quay ca qu t vi qu t.
Kinh tuyn gc: kinh tuyn qua i thin
vn Greenwich (Anh quc).
V tuyn: giao tuyn ca mt phng
vung gc trc quay qu t vi qu t.
V tuyn gc (ng xch o): giao tuyn
mp vung gc trc quay ti tm qu t
vi qu t.
11

Kinh - V :

12

Kinh (): ca 1 im l gc hp bi
mp cha kinh tuyn gc (greenwich) vi
mp cha kinh tuyn qua im .
Gi tr kinh : 00 1800
00 T 1800 T
V (): ca 1 im l gc hp bi
phng dy di qua im vi mp cha
xch o.
Gi tr v : 00 B 900 B
00 N 900 N
13

1.2.2 H ta vung gc phng

GAUSSPhp chiu GAUSS:
KRUGER:
Chia tri t thnh 60 mi (60). nh
s th t t 1- 60
Mi 1: 00 60 ng
Mi 2: 60 ng 120 ng
----------------------------------Mi 30: 1740 ng 1800 ng
Mi 31: 1800 ty 1740 ty

14

Cho ellip qu t tip xc bn trong

mt tr nm ngang.

Chiu ln lt tng mi ln mt tr
ngang.
15

Khai trin mt tr ngang theo phng

dc c mt phng chiu.

16

c im ca php chiu
* Php chiu mt tr ngang, ng gc.
* Trn mi mi chiu, kinh tuyn trc
v xch o l cc ng thng v vung
gc nhau.
* on thng nm trn kinh tuyn trc
khng b bin dng v di, cng xa kinh
tuyn trc th bin dng di cng ln.
* Mt on thng bt k khi chiu ln
mp chiu c s hiu chnh di do bin
dng ca php chiu l:y 2

m
2

2R

.S

17

* Trong mi mi chiu ng kinh

tuyn trc v ng xch o to thnh
mt h trc ta vung gc phng Gauss
Kruger.

18

* T nm 1975 2000, Vit Nam s

dng php chiu Gauss + ellipsoid quy
chiu Krasovski to thnh h ta vung
gc phng HN 72 .
Th d:
M (x = 1220km; y =
18.465km)
im M nm trong mi chiu 18,cch
ng xch o v pha Bc 1220km,cch
ng kinh tuyn trc v pha Ty 35km.
19

1.2.3 H ta vung gc phng UTM

(Universal Transverse
Mercator)
Php chiu UTM:
Chia tri t thnh 60 mi (60). nh
s th t t 1- 60
Mi 1: 1800 ty 1740 ty
Mi 2: 1740 ty 1680 ty
----------------------------------Mi 31: 00 60 ng
Mi 60: 1740 ng 1800 ty

20

S dng mt tr ngang c bn knh

nh hn bn knh ca qu t,ct qu t
theo hai kinh tuyn ct tuyn cch u
kinh tuyn trc 180km.

21

Chiu tng mi ln mt tr, sau

khai trin mt tr theo phng dc c
mt phng chiu.

22

c im ca php chiu
* Php chiu mt tr ngang, ng gc.
* Trn mi mi chiu, kinh tuyn trc
v xch o to thnh cc ng thng
vung
gckinh
nhau.
* Ti
tuyn trc h s bin dng
di k0 = 0,9996 (mi chiu 30 c k0 =
0,9999).
* Ti hai kinh tuyn ct tuyn,h s
bin *dng
di bng
Phpchiu
UTM1.
c bin dng
di phn b u hn v c tr s nh hn so
vi php chiu Gauss.
23

Mi mi chiu c 1 h ta

24

* thun tin cho vic s dng h

ta chung trong khu vc v th gii, t
nm 2001 Vit Nam chuyn sang s dng
php chiu UTM + ellipsoid quy chiu WGS84 to thnh h ta vung gc phng
VN - 2000 .
Th d:
M (x = 1220km; y = 48.465km)
im M nm trong mi chiu 48,cch
ng xch o v pha Bc 1220km, cch
ng kinh tuyn trc v pha Ty 35km.
25

1.2.4 H ta vung gc phng quy

c: x
xA

A ( xA ; yA )

y
O

yA

L h ta gi nh vi im gc O ty
chn, c trc x trng vi hng Bc t hoc
hng trc chnh ca cng trnh.
26

1.2.5 H ta cc:
x

A
SA

V tr im A c xc nh da vo
hai thnh phn :
A ( A ; S A )

27

1.3 BN A HNH
1.3.1 Khi nim:
* Bn l hnh nh thu nh ca b
mt mt t ln mt phng nm ngang
theo mt t l v mt php chiu c th.
* Theo ni dung,bn c chia
thnh hai loi: bn a l t nhin v
bn chuyn .
* Bn a hnh th hin hai yu t:
a vt v dng t.
* Bnh v bn v mt ct a hnh.
28

1.3.2 T l bn :
T l bn l t s di gia mt
on thng o trn bn vi di nm
ngang ca on thng o trn thc a.
K hiu:

1/M hoc 1:M

29

Theo t l, bn a hnh c chia

thnh:
* T l ln: 1/500 1/5000
* T l trung bnh: 1/10.000
1/100.000
c im
* T l nh: 1/M 1/100.000
Bn c t l cng ln th c
chnh xc cng cao, mc chi tit cng
y v ngc li.
chnh xc bn theo t l (t)
t = 0,1mm M
30

1.3.3 Phng php biu th mt t:

a) a vt:
Dng k hiu: theo t l; bn t l;
phi t l

31

b) Dng t:
Dng ng ng mc v im
cao ng ng mc: l ng cong khp
kn ni lin nhng im c cng cao trn
mt t.

32

c im ca ng ng mc:
* Cc im nm trn cng ng ng
mc th c cng cao.
* ng ng mc l ng cong lin
tc v khp kn.
* Ni no ng ng mc cch xa
nhau mt t dc thoi; cng gn nhau
dc cng ln; trng nhau: vch thng
ng.Hng vung gc vi cc ng ng
mc l hng dc nht.
* ng ng mc khng bao gi ct
33
nhau.

* chnh cao gia hai ng ng

mc k cn nhau gi l: Khong cao u h

34

CHNG 2
SAI S TRONG O C

36

2.1 KHI NIM - PHN LOI SAI S

nhn bit ln ca mt i lng

ta dng cc php o trc tip hoc o
ginNguyn
tip. nhn gy ra sai s:
1. Do ngi o
2. Do thit b o
3. Do iu kin ngoi cnh
Phn bit php o cng iu kin v
php o khc iu kin.
o cn thit v o tha.
37

Phn loi sai s: theo tnh cht v

quy lut xut hin c th chia sai s ra lm
hai loi:
1. Sai s h thng .
2. Sai s ngu nhin .
Sai s h thng c th loi tr c bng
cch chn phng php o hoc tnh ph
hp.
Sai s ngu nhin khng th loi tr c
Sai lm (Sai s th)
m ch c th gim thiu mc sai s.
38

Tnh cht c bn ca sai s ngu

nhin:
S ln xut
hin
* Tnh cht gii hn.
* Tnh cht tp
trung.
-lim

+li

* Tnh cht i

xng.

1 2 *Tnh

tr.
cht b
n
lim n
0
n
n
m

lim n

i li X

39

2.2
CC TIU CHUN NH GI
CHNH XC
KT QU O

Sai s trung bnh cng ()

1 2 n
n

Trong :
li : tr o ln th i
X : tr tht ca i lng
o
n : s ln o

40

Sai s trung phng (m)

Cng thc Gauss

i i
m

n
n
2
1

2
2

2
n

Sai s tng i (1/T)

L t s gia sai s tuyt i vi kt
qu o
Sai s gii
hn
lim 2 m hoc lim 3 m
41

2.3 SAI S TRUNG PHNG HM CC TR

O

Gi s c hm:

u = f (x,y,,t)
Trong x, y ,t l nhng tr o c
lp c sai s trung phng l mx, my
mt . Sai s trung phng ca hm u s
l:
2
2
2

f 2 f 2
f 2
m y
mu
mx
mt
x
t
y
42

2.4 S TRUNG BNH CNG

l1 l2 ln l
X

n
n
Sai s trung phng ca tr trung bnh
cng:
m

mX

Trong :
m: sstp mt ln o
n: s ln o
43

2.5 CNG THC BESSEL

* Sai s trung phng mt ln o:

v v v
vi vi
m

n 1
n 1
2
1

Trong :

2
2

2
n

vi li X

* Sai s trung phng ca tr trung

bnh:
2

vi
m
mX

n n 1
n

44

CHNG 3
DNG C V PHNG PHP O GC

45

3.1 KHI NIM

Gc bng (): gc hp bi hnh chiu
ca 2
hng ngm ln mp nm ngang.

46

Gc ng (V): gc hp bi hng
ngm v
hnh chiu ca n ln mp nm
ngang.
B
+

VAB
A

VAC
C

Gc ng c gi tr bin thin t 00
900
47

Gc thin nh (Z): gc hp bi
hng nh tri ca phng dy di v
hng ngm; c gi tr bin thin t 00
1800.
B
Z
V
A

V + Z = 900
48

3.2 CU TO MY KINH V
Gm 3 b phn chnh
* B phn nh tm, cn bng
my * B phn ngm
* B phn c s
Phn loi my theo cu to: c hc;
quang hc; in t.
Phn loi my theo chnh xc:
chnh xc cao ( 0,5 2,0) ; chnh xc
( 5 10) ; k thut ( 15 30).
49

PHN LOI MY KINH V

Kinh v quang
hc

Kinh v in t

Ton c in
t
50

Chn my

53

3.2.1 B PHN NGM

ng knh
Gm: knh vt; knh mt; c iu
nh (c iu quang) v h ch ngm.

54

H ch ngm

Trn ng knh c 3 trc c bn:

* Trc ngm: ng ni quang tm
knh vt
v giao im h ch ngm.
* Trc quang hc: ng ni quang
tm
knh vt v quang tm knh
mt.* Trc hnh hc: trc i xng ca
ng knh.
55

* phng i ca ng knh l t s
gia gc nhn qua ng knh () vi gc nhn
bng mt thng () khi ngm cng vt
ngm.

fv

fm

fv : tiu c knh vt ; fm : tiu c knh

mt

* ng knh ca cc my kinh v
thng c phng i t 20X n 60X.
56

3.2.2 B PHN NH TM, CN BNG

B phn nh tm :
Nhm a trc quay ca my qua tm
mc.

Qu di; di tm quang hc; di tm

57
laser.

B phn cn bng: ng thng bng

Theo hnh dng c hai loi: ng thng
bng trn, ng thng bng di.
ng thng bng trn: thng dng
cn bng s b (thc hin vi chn my)

58

ng thng bng di: thng dng

cn bng chnh xc (thc hin vi cc c
cn my)

59

Gi tr khong chia ( nhy) ca ng

thng bng di:

l "

R
"

l : khong cch gia cc vch chia

trn
cung trn (thng thng l =
R : bn knh mt cong ca ng thng
2mm)
bng
(R = 2m 200m i vi ng t.bng
di v
60

3.2.3 B PHN C S
Bn ngang
Gm c mt vnh c khc vch
theo chiu kim ng h (00 3600) v b
phn c s (du xch, vch chun hay
thang
chia
ph)
Bn

ng
C hai cch chia vch: lin tc (0 0
3600) hoc i xng qua tm (00 900)
iu kin cu to: Khi trc ngm
nm ngang s c trn bn ng phi
bng 00. Nu iu ny khng tha my c
sai s vch chun MO.
61

Vy s c MO l s c c trn
bn ng khi trc ngm ca my
nm ngang.
Cng dng ca MO l tnh gc
ng V
* Ghi s lin
tc:
0

Ph Tr 360
MO
2

* i xng qua
tm:

Tr Ph
MO
2
62

-00231
5

1270053

63

3.3

T MY KINH V

Mc ch: lm cho trc quay ca

my thng ng,ng thi, phi i qua
tm im trm o.
Phng php thc hin:
* nh tm: dng b phn nh tm
a trc quay ca my i qua tm im
trm o.
* Cn bng: dng cc c cn v ng
thng bng di a trc quay ca my
thng ng.
64

3.3

T MY KINH V
1

65

3.4 CC PHNG PHP O GC

3.4.1 o gc
bng:
a) o n gin:
c p dng khi ti trm my
ch c hai hng ngm.
Mt ln o n gin gm 2 na ln
o: na ln o thun knh v na ln o
o knh.Thun knh:
= b a
1

o knh:

= b2 a2

2
'

Kt qu 1 ln
o :

"
66

O GC BNG THEO PP N GiN

67

S O GC THEO PP N GiN
Trm im Bn S c bn Tr s gc Tr s gc
o ngm ng ngang 1/2 ln o mt ln o
2

Tr
3

1
3

Ph
2

1100283
0
98030
15
2080584
980300
5
0
2805830

98029
45
2900284
68

b) o ton vng:
c p dng khi ti trm my c
nhiu hn hai hng ngm.
* Chn hng ngm chun.
* Na ln o thun knh: Quay
ng knh thun chiu kim ng h.
* Na ln o o knh: Quay ng
knh ngc chiu kim ng h.

69

3.4.2 o gc
ng:
* Na ln thun knh:

V Tr MO

ho V 360 Tr MO
c
* Na ln o knh:
0

V Ph MO
Kt qu mt ln o

Tr Ph
V
2

ho
c

Ph Tr 360
V
2

70

Cc sai s h thng ca my kinh v trong

o gc
o gc bng : sai s 2C
Nguyn nhn: do trc ngm ca ng
knh khng vung gc vi trc quay ca
ng knh.

loi tr sai s 2C khi o

gc bng: o thun knh v o knh,
71

o gc ng: sai s MO
Nguyn nhn: vch chun c s trn
bn ng khng nm ngang

loi tr sai s MO khi o gc

ng: o
thun knh v o knh,

72

CHNG 4
DNG C V PHNG PHP O
DI

73

4.1 KHI NIM

di ngang gia hai im l
khong cch ni gia hai hnh chiu ca
cc im ln mt phng nm ngang. K
hiu: SAB
di nghing gia hai im l
khong cch ni trc tip gia hai im .
K hiu: DAB

74

B
DAB

SAB

xc nh di on thng c th
dng cc php o trc tip (thc
thp) hoc o gin tip (phng php
th c)

75

4.2 O DI BNG THC THP BN

S dng thc thp bn xc
nh di ngang hoc nghing gia
2 im
trnc:
mt t.
Dng
* Thc thp bn
(20m50m)
* Hai so tiu
* B th (11 hoc 6 cy)
nh ng thng:
Phng php o:
Mt ln o gm hai na ln o: i
v v.

76

4.2 O DI BNG THC THP BN

S
1
1

S 1000 2000

77

4.2 O DI BNG THC THP BN

chnh xc:
o di bng thc thp bn
thng c th t chnh xc t 1/1000
1/2000. Trong trng hp s dng thc
thp bn chnh xc vi lc k cng ti hai
u thc kt hp vi ng thng bng di
t thc nm ngang th chnh xc t
t 1/5000 1/10.000
ng dng: o di bng thc thp
ph hp cho cng tc trc a b tr cng
trnh nh xng, nh cao tng; o cnh ca
ng chuyn kinh v
78

4.3
C

O DI BNG PHNG PHP TH

S dng h thng dy o khong

cch (ch lng c) trong ng knh my
kinh v ton c v mia xc nh di
ngang gia 2 im trn mt t.

Dng c: My kinh v +
mia.
79

Phng php
o:

l1
J
l2
B

SAB

n :khong chn trn mia cho bi hai dy

th c
n = l1 l 2
80

Cng thc tnh:

S k .n. cos V
2

Cc my hin nay thng c k = 100

2
nn:

S 100.n. cos V

Nu tnh theo gc thin nh Z, th:

S k .n.Sin Z
2

chnh xc:
1/300 1/400
ng dng: thng s dng trong o
chi tit phc v cng tc thnh lp bn .
81

4.4 O DI IN QUANG
S dng tia hng ngoi, hoc gn
hng ngoi xc nh khong cch gia
cc im trn mt t (my ton c in
t)

82

4.5

O DI BNG CNG NGH GPS

S dng h thng nh v GPS

(Global Positioning System) v my thu tn
hiu GPS xc nh khong cch.
Dng c:
My thu tn hiu v tinh
GPS

83

4.5 O DI BNG CNG NGH GPS

chnh xc:
c th t
1/100.000

84

85

4.6

NH HNG NG THNG

Vic xc nh mi quan h ca
ng thng vi mt hng chun bit
c gi l nh hng ng thng.
Trong trc a, thng s dng
hng Bc kinh tuyn lm hng chun.
4.6.1 Gc phng v :
Gc phng v (A) ca mt ng
thng l gc bng hp bi hng bc kinh
tuyn n hng ng thng theo chiu
kim ng
C h.
tr bin thin t 00
3600

86

Cng dng: nh hng mt ng

thng trn mt t.

*
D
A

th

Phng v
tht

D
C

Phng v t

87

Ti mt im trn mt t, hng
Bc kinh tuyn thc v hng Bc kinh
tuyn t khng trng nhau m hp vi
nhau mt gc gi l lch t

Ath = At

+ khi lch t
ng
- khi lch t

A
A

th

ty

C
88

4.6.2 Gc nh hng :
Gc nh hng () ca mt
ng thng l gc bng, c tnh t
hng Bc ca hnh chiu kinh tuyn trc
hoc ng song song vi n n hng
ng thng theo chiu kim ng h v c
tr bin thin t 00 3600
N
MN
M

NM

MN = NM
1800
89

Cng dng: nh hng mt ng

thng trn mt chiu.
Mi quan h gia gc phng v
v gc nh hng ca mt ng thng
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

A
th

At
Athc

hi t kinh
tuyn

M
90

Cc bi ton v gc nh
hng:
a) Tnh chuyn gc nh
hng* Trng hp gc o bn tri
12

1
0
A

3
2

n 0

4
4

n
i 1

n.180

91

* Trng hp gc o bn phi
12
0
A

1
1

3
2

n 0

n
i 1

4
4

n.180

b) Tnh gc bng t gc nh
hng
92

4.7 BI TON THUN NGHCH

4.7.1 Bi ton thun:
Cho A (xA ; yA) ; SAB v AB tnh B (xB ;
x yB)
xAB = xB - xA
y
B
xB
yAB = yB - yA
AB

xAB

xA

AB

SAB

yA

xAB =
SAB.CosAB

yB

xB = xA + xAB
=>
yB = yA + yAB
trong
: y = S .Sin
;
AB
AB
AB
93

4.7.2 Bi ton nghch:

Cho A (xA ; yA) ; B (xB ; yB) tnh SAB v

AB
x
yAB

xB
xA

xA

AB

yA

xAB = xB - xA
yAB = yB - yA

S AB x y
2
AB

SAB

yB

0
AB

2
AB

y AB
ArcTg
x AB

Trng hp: x < 0 AB 180

0
0
=>
x > 0 => AB AB 360
0
AB

94

CHNG 5
DNG C V PHNG PHP O
CAO

95

5.1

KHI NIM

cao tuyt i: ca 1 im l
khong cch t im n mt thy
chun gc theo phng dy di (HA).
cao gi nh: ca 1 im l
khong cch t im n mt thy
chun quy c theo phng dy di (HA).
Chnh cao: ca 2 im l khong
cch theo phng dy di gia 2 mt thy
chun quy c i qua 2 im (hAB).
cao ; chnh cao l nhng tr
i s.
96

hAB = HB HA = HB HA
B

HB

hAB

HA
Mt thy
chun

97

5.2 PHNG PHP O CAO HNH HC

Nguyn l o: da vo trc ngm
nm ngang ca my o cao xc nh
chnh cao gia hai im trn mt t.
5.2.1 Phng php o:
Da vo v tr t my,c th
chia ra hai phng php o cao hnh hc:
o cao pha trc v o cao t gia.
a) o cao pha trc:
t my ti mt im v mia ti
im cn li.
hAB = HB HA => H B = H A +
h AB
98

ia

Hm
A

hAB

B
HB

HA

Mt thy
chun

hAB = iA - b
HB = HA + hAB = HA + iA b
t: HA + iA = Hm => H B = H m b

99

b) o cao t
gia:
My t gia hai im AB
(khng nht thit phi nm trn on
thng AB).
b

a
Hm
A

HB

HA

hAB = a - b

hAB
Mt thy
chun

HB = HA + hAB = HA + a b
HA + a = Hm => H B = H m -

10

Quy nh:
* Mia t ti A (im bit
cao): mia sau; s c ti mia A gi l s
c sau.
* Mia t ti B (im cha bit
cao): mia trc; s c ti mia B gi l s
c trc.
Trng hp AB cch xa nhau (hoc
dc AB qu ln) cn lp ng chuyn
cao dn t A n B.

101

bn

an
a2

b2

a1

b1

N
A

Nn -1

N
2

h i = a i - bi

hAB h1 h2 hn h

n
i 1

hAB h a
n
i 1

n
i 1

n
i 1
102

5.2.2 Dng c:
My thy chun v mia.
a)
My thy
chun:
* Tc dng ch yu ca my thy
chun l to ra mt trc ngm nm
ngang.Cu to gm hai b phn chnh: b
phn ngm v b phn t my.
* Phn loi theo chnh xc: chnh
xc cao (mh/km = 0,5mm); chnh xc
(mh/km = 310mm); k thut (mh/km=
1525mm)
* Phn loi theo cu to: thy chun
thng; thy chun t ng v thy chun
103
in t.

Thy chun in
t

Thy chun t
ng

104

b)
chun:

Mia thy
Mia hai mt (mia
hng s) gm mt en v
mt ; y mia c khc
vch khc nhau.
* Mt en: 0 mm
* Mt : s bt k
(th d nh 4473 mm) gi l
hng s.
Ngoi ra cn c loi
mia m vch c s dng
cng vi my thy chun

5.2.3 Cc ngun sai s trong o cao hnh

hc: a) Sai s trc ngm (gc
i): a
b
x1

i1
a
A

S1

i2

S2

x2
b
B

hAB = a b = (a - x1)(b - x2) = (a - b)

(x1 khi
x2)
S1 = S2 ; i1 = i2 => x1 =
x2 h = a b = a b
Lc
AB
106

b) Sai s do cong qu t v
chit quang:
a
qa

b
a

da

qb

db

b
B

hAB
mt geoid

d a2
qa
2R
d b2
qb
2R

hAB = a b = (a - qa)(b - qb) = (a - b)

(qa khi
qb)
da = d b
=>
q a = qb
Lc

hAB = a b = a b

Kt lun:
Sai s trc ngm, sai s do
cong qu t v chit quang u c loi
tr bng phng php o thch hp: o
cao t gia.
c) Sai s do mia:
* Sai s do vch chia trn
mia.
* Sai s do y mia b mn.
* Sai s do dng mia khng
thng ng...

5.3 PHNG PHP O CAO LNG

GICNguyn l o: da vo trc ngm
nghing ca my kinh v xc nh
chnh cao gia hai im trn mt t.
xc nh chnh cao gia hai
im A v B, t my kinh v ti A, dng
so tiu (hoc mia) ti B. Gi:
-

i : chiu cao my t ti A.
l : chiu cao tia ngm ti B.
V : gc nghing ca ng knh.
S : di ngang ca on AB.

B
I

hAB

i
A

SAB

chnh cao ca AB s l:
hAB = S.tgV + i l
110

* Trng hp o gc thin
nh Z:
J

hAB

i
A

SAB

hAB = S.CotgZ + i
l

111

* Trng hp SAB c o theo

phng php th c:
N

J
M

B
I

hAB

i
A

SAB

SAB = k.n.Cos2V
=>

hAB = 1/2 k.n.Sin2V +

112

CHNG 6
LI KHNG CH TRC A

113

6.1

KHI NIM

Li khng ch trc a: l mt h
thng cc im c xc nh ta (x,y)
v cao (H) vi chnh xc cn thit.
Nhng im ny c nh du trn mt
t bng
v mc.
Litiu
khng
ch ta : xc nh x,y.
Li khng ch cao: xc nh H.
Nguyn tc pht trin li: t tng
th n cc b, t chnh xc cao n
chnh xc thp. Cc im hng cao l c s
pht trin xung cc im hng thp
hn.
114

Cng dng:
* Phc v cng tc nghin cu khoa
hc v qu t.
* C s thng nht ta ca Quc
gia. * Phc v cng tc o v bn v
xy dng cc loi cng trnh.
Phng php xy dng li: tam
gic o gc, tam gic o gc - cnh, ng
chuyn, giao hi, cng ngh nh v GPS

Ty theo phm vi khng ch v

chnh xc, h thng li khng ch trc
a Vit Nam c chia thnh 3 bc:
* Khng ch ta :
- Nh nc: c 4 hng (I; II; III;
IV)
- Khu vc: chia thnh 2 cp
(1; 2).
* Khng ch cao:
- o v.
- Nh nc: hng I, II, III, IV
- Khu vc: cao k thut
- o v
116

6.2

NG CHUYN KINH V
6.2.1 Khi nim:

* Chn mt s im trn mt t
ni vi nhau bng nhng on thng to
thnh ng gy khc lin tc: ng
1
chuyn.
S1

2
S2

* on thng ni hai im lin tip

gi l cnh ng chuyn: Si. Gc hp bi
hai cnh lin tip gi l gc ngoc: i .
117

* C ba dng ng chuyn c bn:

ph hp; khp kn; treo. nhng khu vc
rng ln c th b tr nhiu ng to
thnh mng li ng chuyn.
ph hp

khp kn

treo

* Ni dung o c: o tt c cc gc
ngoc v di cc cnh.
118

6.2.2 ng chuyn kinh v:

L loi li khng ch o v mt
bng. c pht trin t nhng im
khng ch khu vc tr ln hoc c xy
dng c lp.
Cc yu t c trng
- di cnh Si (m):

- Sai s tng i cnh S/S:

- Sai s khp gc f :
- Sai s khp tng i ca
ng K = fS / [S]:

Quy dnh
350 > Si > 20

1/1000 1/2000

f 40" n
fS
1
1

S 1000 2000

a) Thit k - Kho st - Chn

im : * Thit k trn bn .
* Kho st chn im chn mc
ngoi thc a.
b) o ng chuyn kinh v :
* o gc: o tt c cc gc ca
ng chuyn bng my kinh v k thut;
phng php n gin.(nn o ton gc
ngoc tri *hoc
o phi)
cnh: di cnh ng
chuyn c th c o bng thc thp
hoc my ton c in t.

c) Bnh sai - tnh ta im

ng chuyn:
* V s li.
* Tnh sai s khp gc f. Nu f
khng t yu cu cn phi kim tra tnh
ton,tnh ton ng phi o li cc gc. ( f
0
40n
)
f n 2 180
khp
kn:

ph
hp:

0
f o n 1180 c

n: s cnh trong ng.

; c: gc nh hng cnh
u,cnh cui ca ng chuyn.
121

* Tnh s hiu chnh v tr bnh sai

cc gc.
f
f
hoc V
V

i V
'
i

n 1

* Tnh gc nh hng ca cc cnh.

i i 1 180
'
i

* Tnh s gia ta .

xi Si .Cos i
yi Si .Sin i
122

* Tnh sai s khp ta .

f x x

f y y

f y y yc y

f x x xc x

hoc:

;
* Tnh sai s khp tng i ca

ng.

fS f f
2
x

2
y

fS
1
1
K

S 1000 2000
123

Nu K 1/1000 1/2000 phi

kim tra tnh ton, tnh ton ng cn
phi o li di cnh.
* Tnh s hiu chnh ta .

fx
Vxi Si
S

V yi

kim tra:

V f
xi

fy

Si

V f
yi

124

* Tnh tr bnh sai ta .

xi xi 1 xi Vxi
yi yi 1 yi V yi

Bng tnh ta im ng
chuyn
S gia ta S gia ta Ta

trc
sau
Gc
bnh sai
bnh sai
bnh sai
Gc Gc
S

di
bng nh
bng
hiu
cnh
hiu hn
im ()
S (m)
x(m y(m
chnh g ()
x(m) y(m)
x(m) y(m)
)
)

125

6.3

LI CAO K THUT

L loi li khng ch cao khu

vc. c pht trin t nhng im
cao nh nc hoc c xy dng c lp.
6.3.1 Phng php o:
o cao hnh hc theo quy nh
sau: * My thy chun: VX = 20 45
24 ;

* Mia: mt hoc hai mt c vch

chia cm.
* Tm ngm: 120m 200m.
* Chnh lch tm ngm: 5m .
126

* Thao tc o trn mt trm my:

* Mia hai mt:
- c s mt en, mt mia
sau.
- c s mt en, mt mia
trc.
b1
b2

a1

a2

B
A

b2

h1 = a 1 b1

h1 h2

h 2 = a2

5 mm

* Mia mt mt:
- c s mia sau,c s mia
trc.
Thay i chiu cao my t
nht- 10cm.
c s mia trc,c s mia
sau.
a
a
1

b
b2
1

B
A

h1 = a 1 b1
b2

h1 h2

h 2 = a2

5 mm

6.3.2 Bnh sai tnh cao:

* V s li. h3,
M

h2,
A
h1,
l2
l1
h1,
n1
M
h4,
n4

l3

B
A

h2,
n2

B
h3,
n3

li : di on o th i.
ni : s lng trm o trn on th i.
129

* Tnh sai s khp cao fh.

Ph hp
Khp kn

Hoc

fh h Hc H
n
i 1

fh h

n
i 1

f h f hgh 50 L

(mm)

f hgh 10 N

(mm)

Nu fh khng t yu cu cn
kim tra tnh ton, tnh ton ng phi o
li h.

* Tnh s hiu chnh Vh.

fh
Vhi li
L

vi

L l1 l2 ln

fh
Vhi ni
N

vi

N n1 n2 nn

Hoc
:

Kim tra

hi 1

fh

* Tnh tr bnh sai cao.

H i H i 1 hi Vhi
131

Bng bnh sai cao

i
m

di
li (km)

chnh
cao h
(m)

S hiu
chnh
Vh(m)

Tr bnh
sai h
(m)

cao H
(m)

[]
132

6.4

LI CAO O V

* L loi li khng ch cao bc

cui cng. c pht trin t nhng im
cao k thut tr ln hoc c xy
* Phng
php o v ni dung tnh
dng c
lp.
ton cng tng t nh li cao k
thut nhng vi yu cu chnh xc
thp hn.
Hnh
f hgh 100 L (mm)
hc:
f hgh 0,04.S m . n (m)
Lng
gic:

S
(n: s cnh trong
Sm
100.n
li)

CHNG 7
O V BN A HNH

134

7.1 KHI NIM

* Cc phng php o v bn :
o v trc tip; o v nh; o v tng hp.
* o v trc tip: phng php
ton c; phng php bn c; phng
php mt
ct...
* Quy trnh thnh lp t bn a
hnh:
- Thnh lp li khng ch trc
a.
- o chi tit.
- V bn

7.2 CC PHNG PHP O IM CHI

TIT
Nhm xc nh v tr tng i
ca cc im chi tit so vi cc im
khng ch. Cng tc o chi tit bao gm:
o im a vt v o im dng t.
7.2.1 Xc nh cao:
Thng s dng phng php
o cao lng gic, trng hp cn
chnh xc cao v cao dng phng
php o
cao hnh
hc.
7.2.2
Xc
nh v tr mt
bng: a) Phng php ta cc:
( ;S)

b) Phng php ta vung

gc: (S
S)
c) ;Phng
php giao hi: ( ;
)

9
B
3

S3

S1
A

S3

7.3 O V BN : PHNG PHP

TON C L phng php s dng my

ton c (quang hc hoc in t) o

v bn . Quy trnh o v bao gm cc
bc: * Lp li khng ch: ta v
cao.
Khi mt im khng ch cha
, c th tng dy im khng ch o v
bng ng chuyn ton c (pht
trin t nhng im kinh v tr ln) theo
quy nh:
fS
1
1

f 60" n ;
S 300 400

f hgh 0,04.S m . n (m)

Ch :
1/500

S
1

S 1000

Trng hp o v t l
v

fS
1

S 1000

* o chi tit (o a vt v dng

t).
Trong o v ton c, v tr mt
bng im chi tit thng c xc nh
theo phng php ta cc, cao theo
phng php o cao lng gic.

Mu s o chi tit.
Trm o:
Ngy o: 15/11/09
A

cao:
Ngi o: Trn
5,435m cao
Chiu
my:
BngNgi ghi: V Tm
1,50mchun:
Ngm
i Bgc S
S k. Gc Chn Ghi
m
bn c c n n d h cao ca ch
g mia gia
gV iS
h
oH
l
(2)
(3)
(6) (7)
(9) (10)
(4) (5
(8)
(1)
)
1

1501 181
0
9
162
4

--

--

172
2

000
0

g.nh

--

g.nh

Bng s ha trm o A
B

ao
2

5
7

* Tnh ton s liu o: bnh sai tnh

ta v cao im khng ch (k c
cc im ng chuyn ton c,nu c);
tnh cc s liu o chi tit.
* V a hnh: lp li vung ta
; trin im khng ch; trin im chi
tit; v a vt v ni suy ng ng
mc.
* Kim tra, i chiu thc a; hon
chnh bn v.

1/50
0

700.0
0

600.0
0

500.0
0

400.0
0
500.0
0

600.0
0

700.0
0

800.0
0

900.0
0

ha = 12,22m ;
0,5m )

hb = 13,89m ( h =

4,5
b

4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0

CHNG 8
S DNG BN A HNH

8.1 NH HNG T BN
Nhm a hng Bc bn
trng vi hng Bc ngoi mt t (a
vt th hin trn bn ng dng vi a
vt 8.1.1
thc a).
nh hng theo a
bn:
8.1.1 nh hng theo a
vt:
C th da vo nhng a vt c
dng chy di v thng (tuyn ng,
tuyn knh, sng, sui...) hoc nhng a
vt c lp.
147

8.2
S DNG BN DA VO
NG
NG MC
8.2.1 Xc nh cao mt
t:

54,
0

58,
0
56,
0

60,
0

B2

B
B1

HC = H.mc

.h

8.2.2 Xc nh gc dc dc
mt t:
hAB

V AB Arctg
i AB

S AB
hAB
tgVAB
S AB

dc mt t i thng c tnh
theo
/
n8.2.3
v % Xc
hocnh tuyn theo dc
quy nh:
Tnh di ngn nht gia hai
ng ng mc k cn nhau c dc
quy nh i %.
(S=h/i)
oo

8.2.4 Xc nh lu vc sng, sui:

Lu vc: l phm vi tch nc
ma ca sng hay sui. Lu vc c xc
nh da vo
cc ng phn thy
(ng nh). Cc sng hay sui c hnh
thnh t cc ng t thy (ng y).
8.2.5 V mt ct trn bn :
Thng chn t l trc ng
(biu th cao) ln gp 10 ln t l trc
ngang (biu th di).
150

8.3 XC NH DIN TCH

8.3.1 Phng php hnh hc:
Thng s dng khi din tch c
n
bao quanh bi nhng on thng.
3

ha

b1

hb
b2

1
S b.h
2

Hoc

S p. p a . p b . p c

hc
5

1
p a b c
2

8.3.2 Phng php gii tch:

2S xi . yi 1 y

n
i 1 1

yi . xi 1 x

n
i 1 1

152

Ta cc

Hng chun

2 S S i .S i 1 sin i 1 i

n
1

4
3
2
1

153

8.3.3 Phng php vung:

Thng s dng khi din tch c
bao quanh bi nhng ng cong bt k.

1
0

1
1

CHNG 9
KIN THC C BN TRONG CNG TC
B TR CNG TRNH

155

9.1 KHI NIM

Nhm nh du trn mt t v
tr, hnh dng, kch thc v cao ca
cng trnh theo bn v thit k.
Nguyn tc b tr: t tng th
n cc b, t chnh xc thp n
chnh xc cao. Gm cc giai on:
1. B tr c bn:
Da vo cc im khng ch thi
cng v cc s liu o ni b tr cc
trc chnh, trc c bn ca cng trnh vi
chnh xc t 3cm 5cm.

2. B tr chi tit:
Da vo cc trc chnh, trc c
bn b tr giai on mt b tr cc
im chi tit ca cng trnh vi chnh
xc t 2mm

3mm.
3. B tr nh du cc trc
lp rp:

B tr nh du cc trc lp rp
cng nh t cc thit b vo v tr thit k
vi chnh xc t 0,1mm 1,0mm.

9.2 B TR ON THNG - B TR GC
BNG
L hai dng b tr c bn ca
cng tc b tr im.
9.2.1 B tr on thng:
Thng s dng thc thp
bn (thng hoc chnh xc). Cn lu
di on thng tnh c t cc bn v
thit k l di ngang .
9.2.2 B tr gc bng:
S dng my kinh v. Nhm
loi tr sai s trc ngm ca my, thng
b tr bng hai v tr ng knh (thun v
o knh) ri ly phng trung bnh.
158

Trng hp c bit:
S ln o n:

m 0

m
tk

= - tk

t.k

B
d
B

d B ' B OB'
"

"

9.3 CC PHNG PHP B TR IM

Ty theo dng cng trnh, iu
kin a hnh, iu kin o v chnh xc
yu cu m c th s dng cc phng
php: ta cc, ta vung gc,
cc phng php giao hi (gc, cnh,
hng) bNu
tr im.
dng phng php ta
cc b tr th sai s trung phng v tr
im P s c tnh theo cng thc:

m
2
2
m P mS S

"

"

160

9.4 B TR IM CAO
Thng s dng phng php o
cao hnh hc.
a

b
Hm

A
HA

t.k

HB
t.k

Mt
Geoid

cao my:

Hm = H A + a

S liu o ni:

b t.k = Hm HB t.k

Trng hp c bit:
c
A
Hm1
HA

t.k

HB t.k

H m1 H A a

Hm2

Mt
Geoid

H m2 H m1 cd

bt .k H m2 H Bt . k

9.5 B TR MT PHNG

Trng hp mt phng nghing

a=b=d=
i
D

Vi:
chun t ti C.
A,B,D

- i l chiu cao my thy

- a ,b,d l s c mia ti

9.6 B TR NG CONG TRN

9.6.1 Cc yu t chnh ca ng
cong trn: * Cc im chnh ca ng
cong trn gm: tip im u T ; tip
im cui Tc v im gia G.
* on tip tuyn (on tip
c): T
* on phn gic(on phn
c): P
K

* Chiu di ng cong (TTc):

Gc ngoc

on tip c
T

T R.tg

T
/2

Tc

/2

T
/2

= 1800

on phn c
P

P R
1
Cos

Chiu di ng

cong K

T Tc K R

165

9.6.2 B tr cc im chi tit :

k = 5m
khi R 100m
k = 10m khi 100m < R <
500m
k = 20m khi
R 500m
a) Phng php ta vung
gc:
O.

Chn im T lm gc trc ta
Phng T lm trc X .
Phng TO lm trc Y .

166


k
R
Ta cc im:
P1

Pi

X
P3

x3
x2
x1

P2
P1

T y
x1 = R.Sin
y1
=
R(1-Cos)
2
------------------------------2R.Sin
/2
xi = R.Sini
1

y2

y3

2
O

yi = R(1-Cosi) = 2R.Sin2
i/2 Sai s v tr cc cc chi tit
c lp; thch hp vi khu vc bng
167
phng,quang ng.

a) Phng php ta cc:

3/
2/22

k
R

P3

t:

/2 P2
P1

TP1 = P1P2 = ..=

S
O

S 2 R.Sin
2

Sai s v tr cc cc chi tit b

tch ly; thch hp vi khu vc c a
hnh phc tp.

168