Chemicals

for
Consumers

Soa
p
Sodium OR
potassium alkali
Sodium: hard soap
Potassium: liquid soap

Fatty acid, not

carboxylic acid. Why?
Fatty acid contains a
long-chained alkyl
group with at least 12
carbon atom per
molecules

Soa
p
Sodium OR
potassium salt of fatty
acid
GF: RCOONa or
RCOOK

Example (Sodium Stearate)

Vegetable Oil + sodium hydroxide
(ester)
(alkali)

sodium salt of fatty acid + glycerol

(soap)
(alcohol)

CH2COOC17H35
CHCOOC17H35 + 3NaOH

CH2OH

CH2COOC17H35
Glyceryl Tristearate
Sodium Hydroxide

3C17H35COONa +CHOH
Sodium Stearate

CH2OH
Glycerol

Example (Sodium Palmitate)

Vegetable Oil + sodium hydroxide
(ester)
(alkali)

sodium salt of fatty acid + glycerol

(soap)
(alcohol)

CH2COOC15H31
CHCOOC15H31 + 3NaOH

CH2OH

CH2COOC15H31
Glyceryl Tripalmitate
Sodium Hydroxide

3C15H31COONa +CHOH
Sodium Palmitate

CH2OH
Glycerol

Manufacturing of Soap:
Saponification

Manufacturing of Soap:
Saponification

Manufacturing of Soap:
Stage 1

HYDROLYSIS: The two parts of the oil or fat

(ester) molecule are separated by heating
the oil with alkaline solution
Glyceryl tripalmitate + water palmitic acid +
glycerol
CH2COOC15H31

HCOOC15H31
hydrolysis

CH2OH

CHCOOC15H31 + 3H2O

HCOOC15H31 + CHOH

CH2COOC15H31

HCOOC15H31

alkali as a catalyst

CH2OH

Manufacturing of Soap:
Stage
2
The fatty acid (palmitic acid) released in
Stage 1, reacts with alkali to form sodium salt
of fatty acid which is SOAP.
fatty acid + sodium hydroxide sodium salt of fatty acid +
glycerol (alcohol)

HCOOC15H31
HCOOC15H31 + 3NaOH

3NaCOOC15H31
+ 3H2O

HCOOC15H31
Glyceryl Tripalmitate

Sodium Hydroxide

Sodium Palmitate

Water

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