OEA000040 LTE Обзор1

LTE
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1.
2.
3.

Page2
Contents
1
1.1
1.2 EPS
1.3 LTE/SAE

Page3
AMPS
Advanced Mobile
Telephone System
TACS
Total Access
Communications
System
ETACS
Extended Total Access
Communication System
GSM
Global System for Mobile
communications
CDMA One (IS-95)
UMTS
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
Code Division Multiple

Access Based on IS-95
DAMPS IS-136)
CDMA2000
Digital - Advanced Mobile

Phone System Based on
IS-136
Other
LTE
Advanced
WiMAX

Page4
UMB
EV-DO Rev C
WiMAX
802.16m
3GPP Evolution : LTE

Page5
3GPP Evolution : From LTE to LTE-A/B/C

Performance
LTE-C
(Optimized diverse
service support)
LTE-B
LTE-A
LTE
(4G certif.,
1Gpbs DL Peak .)
R10/11
OFDMA, MIMO
Small Cell
CA, CoMP
HO MIMO,
eICIC
HomoNet
HetNet
2005~2007
R14/15
R12/13
Fundamental
R8/9
(Capacity
Boosting)
2008~2012
10xSmall Cell
Per Macro,
256QAM
50xSmall Cell
Per Macro,
Fusion-Net
2013~2016
2017~2020

Page6
3GPP
Time
LTE Technical Objectives

LTE Requirements from ITU
Flexible bandwidth
Higher spectrum efficient
LTE Technical Features from 3GPP

1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10Mhz, 15Mhz, 20MHz
DL: 5(bit/s)/Hz, 3~4 times than R6HSDPA
UL: 2.5(bit/s)/Hz, 2~3 times than R6HSDPA
Higher peak throughput (@20MHz)

DL:1000Mbps, UL: 500Mbps
DL:100Mbps, UL: 50Mbps
Control plane:< 100ms, User plane:
Control plane:< 100ms, User plane: < 10ms
< 10ms
Shall support
Shall support high speed vehicular(>350km/h)
stationary/pedestrian/vehicular/high for 100kbps access service.
speed vehicular
350 /
Support interoperability between 3GPP existed
Support inter-system handover
and non-3GPP
Remove CS domain, CS service realized in PS

domain which can support multiple service (such
VoIP Capacity
as VoIP). (
, ) = VoIP
Remove BSC/RNC -
Decrease network evolution cost
.
Reduce CAPEX and OPEX
SON ( )
3GPP creates a new generation of wireless communication systems,

wireless access capabilities beyond existing network, fully support
high-performance data services and leading the next 10 years.
Page7
Contents
1
1.1
1.2 EPS
1.3 LTE/SAE

Page8
EPS (Evolved Packet System)

SAE (System Architecture Evolution) ,

EPC (Evolved Packet Core). CS (
).
EPC is based on packet domain. .

EPS
CS CN
PS CN
GERAN
/UTRAN
S1-C
X2
EPC
LTE
SAE
PCRF
S6a
Uu
E-UTRAN
User Plane
HSS
MME
S1-C
Rx
S11
S1-U
Gx
S5
SGi
S1-U
UE
E-UTRAN
EPC
SGW
Control Plane
PDN-GW

Page9
Operators
IP Service
EPS Network Architecture-2G/3G Co-existence

Gb
GERAN
SGSN
Iu
S12
S1-C
PCRF
SWx
S3
UTRAN
HSS
S4
S6a
Gxa
Gxc
MME
S11
Rx
Gxb
Gx
S5
SGi Operators
S1-U
IP Service
E-UTRAN
SGW
S2a
SWn
Trusted non
3GPP IP Access
Un-trusted non
3GPP IP AccessSTa
S2b
PDN-GW
S6b
SWa
ePDG
3GPP-AAA

Page10
UE Related Information
UE(User Equipment) identities
IMSI :International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IMEI :International Mobile Equipment Identity (id

)
GUTI :Globally Unique Temporary Identity
S-TMSI :SAE - Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP address: address in either IPV4 or IPV6
UE Categories and capabilities

Maximum Throughput
Downlink
Uplink
Support for 64QAM in

UL
10.3Mbit/s
5.2Mbit/s
No
51.0Mbit/s
25.5Mbit/s
No
102.0Mbit/s
51.0Mbit/s
No
150.8Mbit/s
51.0Mbit/s
No
302.8Mbit/s
75.4Mbit/s
Yes
UE Category

Page11
IMSI
(GSM/UMTS/LTE/CDM
A)
IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
MCC (Mobile Country Code)

MNC (Mobile Network Code)
MSIN (Mobile Subscriber Identity)
Page12
GUTI
Temporary subscriber identifier - Id
GUTI (Globally Unique Temporary ID)
GUMMEI (Global Unique MME Identifier)

MMEI (MME Identifier)
MMEGI (MME Group Id)
MMEC (MME Code)
M-TMSI (MME Temporary Subscriber
Identity)
Page13
S-TMSI
Id GUTI
S-TMSI Serving TMSI
MMEC (MME Code)

M-TMSI (MME Temporary Subscriber Identity)

Page14
eNodeB ( LTE)
eNodeB E-UTRAN
NodeB
- TAI Tracking Area Identity Id
( RAI)
.
UE

.
RAI (
GSM/UMTS).
- EUTRAN CGI (Evolved UTRAN Cell Global

Identity)
ECGI=MCC +MNC + eNB Id + Cell Id

Page15
Identifiers and corresponding legacy I

Ds
Location related identifiers
TAI (Tracking Area ID)
TAI = MCC + MNC + TAC

MCC Mobile Country Code
MNCMobile Network Code
TAC Tracking Area Code

Page16
Tracking Area in EPS

MME
MMEI= MME Group ID+MME Code
TAI=MCC+MNC+TAC
TA List 1
TA List 2
TA 1
TA 2
TA 3
TA 5
CELL1 CELL2
CELL3 CELL4
CELL1 CELL2
CELL3 CELL4
TA 4
CELL3 CELL4
IMSI
MSISDN
GUTI=GUMMEI+M-TMSI
=MCC+MNC+MMEI+M-TMSI
Page17
Location Information Storage

HSS
MME1
MME IP address
MME2
Tracking Area list

Tracking Area ID
E-UTRAN Cell Global Identity
Tracking Area list

Tracking Area ID

Page18
EPC
MME: Mobility Management Entity
Non-access stratum (NAS) signaling
MME selection for handovers with MME
NAS (
change
UE EPC)
MME
NAS signaling security
SGSN selection for handovers to 2G/3G
NAS ( MME UE)
access networks SGSN

2G/3G
P-GW S-GW
Mobility Management
Reachability of UEs in IDLE mode.
Authentication (
UE Idle
(, )
Tracking area (TA) list management
Bearer management

Lawful interception of signaling traffic

.
Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All
rights reserved.
Page19
EPC S-GW
S-GW: Serving Gateway ( )
Functioning as the local mobility anchor point for inter-eNodeB handovers. UE
(Core Network)
eNodeB
Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility. UE 3GPP
(GUL).
Supporting inter-operator charging based on subscriber and QoS class identifier (QCI)
granularity.

QoS.
Accounting for inter-operator charging (for GTP-based S5/S8)
Supporting transport level packet marking
Performing lawful interception
for uplink and downlink data (e.g. set DSCP).
QoS
(DSCP).
Supporting packet routing and transfer.
DL

Page20
EPC - P-GW
P-GW: Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway
Packet filtering based on single user
Uplink and downlink gateway control based
on traffic
Lawful interception (. S-GW)
Uplink and downlink rate control based on

traffic
UL/DL
IP address allocation for UE
Uplink and downlink rate enforcement based
IP UE.
on access point name-aggregate maximum

bit rate (APN-AMBR).
APN.
Supporting packet marking for uplink and
Downlink rate enforcement based on
downlink data based on transfer priority.
guaranteed bit rate (GBR).
DL
.
Uplink and downlink charging based on
DHCPv4 (server/relay) and DHCPv6 (server)
traffic.
functions (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol IP
Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All)

rights reserved.
Page21
EPS - HSS
HSS: Home Subscriber Server
Supporting authentication and registration for subscribers and downloading
user profiles to the MME.
, MME
Supporting authentication and registration for non-3GPP subscribers and
distributing user profiles to the AAA
-3GPP (, Wi-Fi),
AAA.
Providing roaming restriction.
Providing barring services.
Providing restrictions over access network types

Supporting Diameter-based IP networking.
DIAMETER.
Page22
EPS - PCRF
PCRF: policy control and charging rule function

PCRF (
)

.
The PCRF P-GW Gx,
DIAMETER.

Page23
Typical Packet Service
MME
ICP/ISP
internet
eNodeB
S-GW
P-GW
Signaling
Data

Page24
IMS - IP Multymedia Subsystem

CSCF Call Session Control Function
( VoIP)
MGW - Media GateWay ( ,
VoIP )
MGCF MGW Control Function
MGW
Typical Voice Service
IMS domain
EPC Signaling
IMS Signaling
SS7 Signaling
Data (VOIP)
MGCF
3
CSCF
IMS-MGW
4
MME
SS7
2
MSC
eNodeB
S-GW
P-GW
EPC

Page25
PLMN
Roaming: Home Routed

Visited
PLMN
Gb
Home
PLMN
SGSN
HSS
PCRF
GERAN
Iu
S3
S4
S6a
Gx
Rx
S12
UTRAN
S11
S1-C
MME
S8
SGi
S1-U
E-UTRUAN
S-GW
PDN-GW

Page26
Operators
IP Service
Roaming: Local Breakout (

IP- )
VPLMN
Gb
GERAN
SGSN
Iu
S3
UTRAN
HPLMN
HSS
S4
S6a
S12
Rx
V-PCRF
Gx
MME
S5
SGi Operators
IP Service
S1-U
E-UTRUAN
Operators
IP Service
S9
S11
S1-C
H-PCRF
S-GW
PDN-GW
Local Breakout with Home Operator's Application Functions only

Page27
Contents
1 Network Architecture
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
1.2 EPS Architecture
1.3 E-UTRAN Protocol Stack Structure

Page28
E-UTRAN Protocol StackUu Interface
Control Plane
User Plane
L3 & NAS
L2
L1
RRC_IDLE: A UE is in RRC_IDLE state when the UE does not have

an RRC connection.
RRC protocol layer

A UE has 2 RRC states.
DRX can be used for the UE to save the UE power.

The UE monitors the paging channel.
The UE measures the neighboring cell and reselects a cell.
The UE gets system information.
The UE updates TAU periodically.
RRC_CONNECTED: A UE is in RRC_CONNECTED state when at

least one RRC connection is established for the UE.
The UE transmits downlink and uplink data.
The UE manages the mobility.
The UE provides channel quality and feedback information.
The UE supports DRX configuration to save the UE power.
Page29
E-UTRAN Protocol StackS1 Interface
S1AP: The S1 Application Protocol is the application layer protocol between eNodeB and MME.
SCTP: The Stream Control Transmission Protocol ensures the delivery of signaling messages
on the S1 interface between the MME and the eNodeB. For details about SCTP, see RFC2960.
GTP-U: The GPRS Tunneling ProtocolUser plane is used for user data transmission between
the eNdoeB and S-GW.
UDP: User Datagram Protocol is used for the user data transmission. For details about UDP,
see RFC 768.
The data link layer can use layer 2 technologies, such as PPP and Ethernet.

Page 30
E-UTRAN Protocol StackX2 Interface

Radio
Network
Layer
Control Plane
Transport
Network
Layer
Transport Network
User Plane
X2-AP
User Plane
User Plane
PDUs
Transport Network
User Plane
GTP-U
SCTP
IP (IPv6 and/or IPv4)
Data link layer
Physical layer
UDP
IP (IPv6 and/or IPv4)
Data link layer
Physical layer
The X2 interface is also divided into the user plane (X2-U) and control plane (X2-C). The X2-U
interface is required to be the same as the S1-U, and the X2-C is required to be the same as
S1-C.
The X2 interface data link layer can use layer 2 technologies, such as PPP and Ethernet.

Page 31
GTP-based Interfaces Control Plane
In EPS only
MME MME (S10)

MME Serving GW (S11)
Serving GW PDN GW (S5/S8)
Interwork with 2G/3G
SGSN MME (S3)

SGSN Serving GW (S4)

Page32
GTP-based Interfaces User Plane
In EPS only
eNodeB Serving GW (S1-U)

Serving GW PDN GW (S5/S8)
Interworking with 2G/3G
SGSN Serving GW (S4)

UTRAN Serving GW (S12)

Page33
GTP-based Interfaces User Plane
In EPS only
UE eNodeB Serving GW PDN GW

Page34
Diameter Protocol
Radius ( AAA)
AVP (Attribute Value Pairs -

)
2 :
DIAMETER (RFC 3588)

DIAMETER

Page35
Diameter Protocol
Client request a service from server

Server response the request from clients
Agent examine the requests and determine the target
,
Diameter AVP

Page36
Diameter-based Interfaces
MME
S6a
HSS
SGSN
S6d

Page37
Diameter-based Interfaces
PCRF
Gxc
S-GW
Gx
P-GW
Diameter
protocol
applicatio
n
Diameter
protocol
applicatio
n
Diameter
base
protocol
Diameter
base
protocol
TCP
TCP
IP
IP
L2/L1
L2/L1
PGW/SGW
Gx/Gxc

Page38
PCRF
Questions
Which release of the 3GPP specifications includes the initial

release of LTE?
a. Release 6.
b. Release 7.
c. Release 8.
d. Release 9.

Page39
Questions
Which network elements form parts of the EPC?

a. UE.
b. eNB.
c. MME.
d. S-GW.
e. PDN-GW.
f. HSS.

Page40
Questions
Which interface links the eNB to the MME?

a. Uu.
b. S1.
c. X2
d. S5.

Page41
Contents
1. Network Architecture
2. Air Interface Principles
3. eNodeB Product Overview

Page42
Contents
2 LTE Air Interface Principles
2.1 Principles of OFDM
2.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies
2.3 Carrier Frequency and EARFCN
2.4 LTE Frame Structure
2.5 LTE Physical Channel
2.6 Physical Procedures
2.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output

Page43
Principles of OFDM

Page44
Division Multiplexing Overview
Division Multiplexing (DM)
Multiplexed data streams can be used for one or multiple UEs.
FDM:
Multiplex
multiple data
streams in the
frequency
domain
TDM:
Multiplex
multiple data
streams in
the time
domain

Page 45
CDM:
Multiplex
multiple data
streams in
the code
domain
OFDM Overview
OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is essentially a FDM.
Multiple orthogonal frequencies are used to achieve data transmission o

n a greater bandwidth.
OFDM subcarriers are overlapping and orthogonal, greatly improving th
e spectral efficiency.
FDM
OFDM

Page 46
OFDM ?
,
sk(t) , sl(t)
:
T , lk ,
.
OFDM ?
(, , )
S1(t), , Sn(t)
Ak, k
:
<Sl
, Sk> :
OFDM ?
fk=k/Ts,
(. ) 0,
<Sl , Sk >=0.
:
IFFT Realization of OFDM
Modulation procedure of OFDM is realized by IFFT Inverse Fast Fourie

r Transform
N is the sampling period of symbol
for example sampling rate fs =1/Ts =N f
For bandwidth 20MHz, N=2048, f 15kHz sampling rate 30.72MHz
Page 50
FFT Realization of OFDM
Similar to modulation procedure of OFDM FFT process is used in the

demodulation procedure of OFDM
( )
Page 51
Advantage 1 of OFDM: High Spectral Efficiency
Subcarriers in the OFDM system are overlapping and orthogonal, which g

reatly improves the spectral efficiency.
How does OFDM work?
IFFT on the OFDM transmitter side and FFT on the OFDM receiver side reduce
s system complexity, enabling OFDM to be widely used.
Why does OFDM not become a practical reality until the latest two decad
es?
The development of DSP chips turns OFDM to a practical reality.
Traditional FDM multicarrier modulation technology
Frequency
bandwidth resource saved

OFDM multicarrier modulation technology
Page 52
Frequency
Advantage 2 of OFDM: Effectively Withstand

Multi-Path
Without the protection interval between symbols, multi path will produce
ISI and ICI.
ISI: Inter-symbol Interference time domain
ICI: Inter-Carrier Interference frequency domain
Receiver, which
synchronously receives
the multi-delaysignaling of previous
symbol(dash line) and
the normal signaling of
the next symbol(real
line), which affect the
normal receiving, is
affected by ISI in time
domain and ICI in
time
frequency
domain
Solution: CP(Cyclic Prefix) that is the copy content of a OFDM
symbol
is adopted.
Attitude The previous symbolThe next symbol

Page53
Cyclic Prefix

Page54
Advantage 3 of OFDM: Resistant to Frequency S

election Fading
If deep fading occurs in a frequency, modulate the UE to another
subcarrier.
Frequency selective fading
Deep fading
Frequency
allocation

Page 55
Frequencies not
used by a UE or low
MCS
Frequencies used by a UE
A (f)
Disadvantage 1 of OFDM: Vulnerable to Frequen

cy Offset
A (f)
Without offset
With offset
Bandwidth: Use frequency synchronization to solve the frequency offset.

Page 56
Disadvantage 2 of OFDM: High PAPR
OFDM systems can suffer from high PAPR(Peak to Average Power

Ratio), resulting from the great number of subcarriers in the same phase
overlapping in time domain, thus increasing the requirement to power
amplifier.
Time Domain
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-0.8
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
21
3
0.8
2.5
1.5
0.6
2
1
0.4
1.5
0.2
0.5
1
0
0
0.5
-0.2
0
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.5
-1
-0.8
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5
-0.8
-0.8
-0.8
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.4
-0.4
-0.4
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
00
0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
Solution: Use high-performance PA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink.

Page 57
OFDM Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages
OFDM
is almost completely
resistant to multi-path
interference due to its very
long symbol duration.
Higher
spectral efficiency
for wideband channels.

Flexible
spectrum
utilization.
Relatively
simple
implementation using FFT

and IFFT.
Disadvantages
Frequency
errors and phase
noise can cause issues.

Doppler
shift impacts
subcarrier orthogonality .
Some
OFDM systems can suffer
from high PAPR (Peak to Average

Power Ratio).
Accurate
frequency and time
synchronization.

Page58
Contents

Page59
Multiple Access Technology: Distinguishing U

sers
FDMA
CDMA
TDMA
OFDMA

Page 60
From FDM/FDMA to OFDM/OFDMA

f1
f2
f3
f4
Traditional FDM
Spectrum
High spectrum efficiency

Page62
LTE DL Multiple Access Technology OFDM

A
OFDMA defines the technology of orthogonal frequency division m

ultiple access.
OFDMA is essentially the combination of TDMA and FDMA.
System bandwidth
Subcarrier
TTI: 1 ms
Frequency
Time and frequency resources allocated to user 1
Time
Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers


Page 63
LTE UL Multiple Access Technology

SC-FDMA
To reduce the limitation of the high PAPR on the PA, LTE uses single carri
er frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) in the uplink.
Frequency bandwidth
Single carrier
TTI: 1 ms
Frequency
Time
Sub-frequency band: 12 subcarriers

Page 64
SC-FDMA Subcarrier Mapping Concept
The feature of SC-FDMA is that DFT, converting signaling from time domain to
frequency domain, is inserted before IDFT, transferring signaling from frequency
domain to time domain , so as to introduce some characters of single carrier which
decreases PARR.
Page65
SC-FDMA Signal Generation

Page66
SC-FDMA and the eNB

Page67
Duplex Technologies : :
Distinguishing UL/DL Signals

TDD: The uplink and downlink
use different slots.

Advantages: TDD is used for scenarios where

traffic is unbalanced. It allocates different amount
of time slots to the uplink and downlink, improving
the flexibility and spectral efficiency.
Disadvantages: TDD is complicated and requires
GPS synchronization and phase synchronization.
The interference between the DL and UL is
difficult to control.
Applications: LTE TDD, TD-SCDMA, and WiMAX
FDD: The uplink and downlink

use different frequencies.

Advantages: FDD is easy to accomplish.

Disadvantages: Spectral efficiency is low
when the uplink and downlink traffic
(primarily data services) is unbalanced.
Applications: GSM, LTE FDD, WCDMA,
CDMA2000

Page 68
Contents

Page69
LTE Release 10 Band

Band
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15,16
17
Protocol 36104
Duple
x
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDD
FDL_low(MHz)
FDL_high(MHz)
NOffs-DL
NDL
FUL_low(MHz)
FUL_high(MHz)
NOffs-UL
NUL
2110
1930
1805
2110
869
875
2620
925
1844.9
2110
1475.9
728
746
758
Reserved
734
2170
1990
1880
2155
894
885
2690
960
1879.9
2170
1500.9
746
756
768
0
600
1200
1950
2400
2650
2750
3450
3800
4150
4750
5000
5180
5280
0-599
600-1199
1200-1949
1950-2399
2400-2649
2650-2749
2750-3449
3450-3799
3800-4149
4150-4749
4750-4999
5000-5179
5180-5279
5280-5379
1980
1910
1785
1755
849
840
2570
915
1784.9
1770
1452.9
716
787
798
18000
18600
19200
19950
20400
20650
20750
21450
21800
22150
22750
23000
23180
23280
18000-18599
18600-19199
19200-19949
19950-20399
20400-20649
20650-20749
20750-21449
21450-21799
21800-22149
22150-22749
22750-22999
23000-23179
23180-23279
23280-23379
746
5730
5730-5849
1920
1850
1710
1710
824
830
2500
880
1749.9
1710
1427.9
698
777
788
Reserved
704
716
23730
23730-23849
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
1900
2010
1850
1930
1910
2570
1880
2300
2496
3400
3600
1920
2025
1910
1990
1930
2620
1920
2400
2690
3600
3800
36000
36200
36350
36950
37550
37750
38250
38650
39650
41590
43590
36000-36199
36200-36349
36350-36949
36950-37549
37550-37749
37750-38249
38250-38649
38650-39649
39650 41589
41590 43589
43590 45589
1900
2010
1850
1930
1910
2570
1880
2300
2496
3400
3600
1920
2025
1910
1990
1930
2620
1920
2400
2690
3600
3800
36000
36200
36350
36950
37550
37750
38250
38650
39650
41590
43590
36000-36199
36200-36349
36350-36949
36950-37549
37550-37749
37750-38249
38250-38649
38650-39649
39650 41589
41590 43589
43590 45589
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

Page70
EARFCN Calculation

Page71
Example

Page72
Contents

Page73
LTE Frame Structure Type1-FDD
Radio frame: 10ms
Subframe: 1ms
Slot: 0.5ms

Page74
LTE Frame Structure Type2-TDD
Special subframe=DwPTS+GP+UpPTS=1ms
GP is reserved for downlink to uplink transition.

Page75
Type 2 Radio Frame Switching Points&Special S

ubframe
DL/UL Subframe Allocation Item
DL-UL
Configuratio
n
Switchpoint
periodici
ty
5 ms
The main feature of LTE-TDD frame structure is DL-UL

Switch-point
The subframe used for DL-UL Switching is called Special
Subframe number
0
D S
U U U
U U
5 ms
D S
U U D
U D
5 ms
D S
U D D
D D
10 ms
D S
U U U
D D D D
10 ms
D S
U U D
D D D D
10 ms
D S
U D D
D D D D
D S
U U U
Subframe
D: Downlink
subframe
6
5 ms
U: Uplink subframe
S: Special subframe
Includes DwPTS, GP, UpPTS
It needs to plan for DL-UL subframe configuration ratio

and Special Subframe configuration ratio
U Special
D
Subframe
Configuration
UpPTS mainly carries short RACH and Sounding RS
Short RACH can be configured occupied 1 OFDM

symbol
SRS definitely exists occrupied 1 OFDM symbol
Special Subframe Allocation Item

Special Subframe Length in
Normal CP Symbol Number )
Special Subframe Length in

Extended CP Symbol Number )
DwPTS
GP
UpPTS
DwPTS
GP
UpPTS
10
10
11
10
12
10
11

Page76
CP(Cyclic Prefix)
Extended CP is generally used in cells with extended coverage.

Page77
CP Classification and Scenario

Configuration
Normal CP
Extended CP
DL OFDM CP Length
UL SC-FDMA CP
Length
160 for slot #0
160 for slot #0
144 for slot #1~#6
144 for slot #1~#6
f=15kHz
512 for slot #0~#5
512 for slot #0~#5
f=7.5kHz
1024 for slot #0~#2
f=15kHz
NULL
Sub-carrier
of each RB
12
Symbol of
each slot
7
6
24 (DL only)
3 (DL only)
Generally, Normal CP is configured.
CP aims for resist the ISI and ICIC result from multi-path delay
For MBSFN, Extended CP is configured.
It be may configured Extended CP for the cell

with larger radius like wide coverage scenario.
The large cell radius != large multi-path delay, which is also related with
environment
Virtually, CP ensures performance at the cost of resource utilization ratio

Page78
LTE Resource Block Conception
RE (Resource Element)
Minimum unit in physical resource
Time domain: 1 OFDM Symbol, frequency domain: 1 Subcarrier
RB Resource Block
Minimum unit for resource allocation used for data transmission in physical
layer
Time domain: 1 Slot frequency domain: 12 continuous subcarriers
CCE(Control Channel Element)
Resource unit for control channel
1 CCE = 36 REs
1 CCE = 9 REGs (1 REG = 4 REs)
TTI (Transmission Time Interval)
Basic unit in time domain when scheduling data in physical lay
1 TTI = 1 subframe = 2 slots
1 TTI = 14 OFDM symbols(Normal CP)
1 TTI = 12 OFDM symbols (Extended CP)
Channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz]
1.4
10
15
20
RE Number/OFDM symbol
72
180
300
600
900
1200
RBNumber/slot
15
25
50
75
100
Resource Grid Structure

Page80
Relationship between Channel BW and RB
For details, please refer to protocol 36.101

Channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz]
1.4
10
15
20
Transmission bandwidth
configuration NRB
15
25
50
75
100
Definition of channel bandwidth and transmission bandwidth configuration for one E UTRA carrier
Page81
LTE Channel Bandwidth, FFT Sizes, Numb

er of Resorce Block

Page82
LTE FDD Downlink Peak Rates (FDD us

ing Normal CP)

Page83
LTE FDD Uplink Peak Rates (FDD using

Normal CP)

Page84
PRB with Normal and Extended CP

Page85
Impact of Cyclic Prefix Size
1 Symbol of control - is slightly better that 1/6 loss.
2 Symbols of control - equates to 1/6 loss.
3 Symbols of control it slightly worse than 1/6.

Page86
Downlink Overheads
Reference Signals
Synchronization Signals
PBCH
Control Region

Page87
Reference Signals for 2 Antenna

(Normal CP, PCI = 6*k)

Page88
Synchronization Signals

Page89
Synchronization Signal Overhead

The percentage of overhead is dependent on the system Ban
dwidth and CP size (i.e. 84RE or 72RE per PRB), for example fo
r the PSS the overhead would be:
10MHz and Normal CP: 144/(50 x 20 x 84) = 144/84000 = 0.17%
10MHz and Extended CP: 144/(50 x 20 x 72) = 144/72000 = 0.2%
5MHz and Normal CP: 144/(25 x 20 x 84) = 144/42000 = 0.34%
5MHz and Extended CP: 144/(25 x 20 x 72) = 144/36000 = 0.4%

Page90
PBCH

Page91
PBCH Overhead
The actual number of Resource Elements used is 288 less n,
where n is dependent on the number of transmit antenna:
1 TX Antenna n equals 12.

Page92
PBCH Overhead
As a percentage overhead the PBCH is passed on the Bandwi
dth, CP size and Number of Antenna. Examples include:
10MHz, Normal CP and 1TX: (288-12)/(50 x 20 x 84) = 276/84000 = 0.32%

Page93
Control Region Overhead

Page94

The number of Resource Elements occupied by the control re
gion in the Resource Block (i.e. two PRBs) can be calculated a
s:
12 x (A-B).
Where:
A is the number of OFDM symbols assigned (1, 2, 3 or 4*)
B relates to the number of Resource Elements already res
erved for Reference Signals.

Page95

The values of B when using a Normal CP include:
B=2 for 1 TX.

B=4 for 2 TX.
B=4 for 4 TX (when A=1).
B=8 for 4 TX (when A= 2 or A=3).

Page96

With these values the control region overhead can be calculat
ed for different permutations:
Normal CP, 1TX and A=1: (12 x 1 2) / (12 x 7 x 2) = 10/168 = 5.95%

Page97
Uplink Overheads
Demodulation Reference Signal
PUCCH Overhead
PRACH Overhead
PUSCH Control Overhead
Sounding Reference Signals

Page98
LTE UpLink Channel & Signal

Page99

The overhead is related to the channel bandwidth, CP Size an
d the number of PRB per slot for the PUCCH Control Regions.
As an example:
5MHz, Normal CP and 4PRBs for PUCCH: ((25-4) x 12)/(25 x 8
4) = 276/2100 = 12%
10MHz, Normal CP and 8PRBs for PUCCH: ((50-8) x 12)/(50 x
84) = 552/4200 = 12%

Page100
PUCCH Overhead

Page101
PUCCH Overhead

Page102
LTE PRACH

Page103
PRACH Overhead

Page104
PRACH Overhead
Based on the PRACH density and the channel bandwidth the
percentage of overhead can be calculated. For example if usin
g PRACH Configuration Index = 3:
1.4MHz (6RB) and PRACH Density of 1: (6 x 1) / (60RB in the Frame) = 10%.
3MHz (15RB) and PRACH Density of 1: (6 x 1) / (150RB in the Frame) = 4%.
5MHz (25RB) and PRACH Density of 1: (6 x 1) / (250RB in the Frame) = 2.4%.

Page105

Page106
The actual PUSCH control overhead it very hard to calculat

e. Even using simulations there are many variables and con
figuration options. Typical overhead figures range from 0.6
% to 3%, however values of 5.5%, 11% and higher may be o
bserved.

Page107

Page108
Assuming the worst scenario, SRS could be scheduled for e

very subframe, i.e. 1/14 OFDM symbols are used, effectivel
y ~7%.

Page109
Total Physical Overhead
The total physical channel overhead in the downlink and up

link vary depending on the:
Bandwidth.
Cyclic Prefix Size.
Number of TX Antenna.
Size of the PDCCH Control Region (DL Only).
PRACH Format (UL Only).
Number of PUCCH Control Regions (UL Only).
PUSCH Uplink Control (UL Only).
SRS (UL Only).

Page110
Total Downlink Physical Overhead

Page111
Total Uplink Physical Overhead

Page112
Physical Overhead Summary

Page113
Contents
2.3 Carrier frequency and EARFCN

Page114
LTE Control Plane and User Plane

Page115
E-UTRA Protocols
NAS Non-Access Stratum Signaling (UE <--> MME)

RRC Radio Resource Control (Access Stratum Signaling Messages processing)
PDCP Packet Data Convergention Protocol
RLC Radio Link Control
MAC Medium Access Control
PHY Physical level
Page116
NAS Signaling

Page117
NAS EMM and ESM Procedures

Page118
Radio Resource Control
NAS Non-Access Stratum

RRC Radio Resource Control (Signaling Messages processing)
PHY Physical level

Page119
Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PHY Physical level

Page120
Radio Link Control

PHY Physical level

Page121
Medium Access Control

PHY Physical level

Page122
Physical Layer

PHY Physical level

Page123
Location of LTE Physical Channels

Logical channels indicate
the type of information
transferred.
Transport channels
describe what typical
configuration the physical
layer uses to provide
transport services on the
air interface.

Physical channels
describe the physical
features of signals, such
as coding and modulation.

Page124
Function Overview of Physical Channels
Physical channels are divided into uplink and downlink physical channels.
Downlink physical channels include:
PBCH: broadcasts system information (Master Block only!!!).

PCFICH: indicates the number of symbols PDCCH resources occupy in the time domain
(Frame Format Indication).
PHICH: Indicates the demodulation status on the PUSCH (ACK/NACK for HARQ).
PDCCH: indicates user scheduling information (uplink and downlink).
PDSCH: transmits user DL data.
Uplink physical channels include:
PRACH: transmits uplink random access preambles P Physical
PUSCH: transmits user UL data & RRC/NAS Signaling. D Downlink

U Uplink performance (ACK/NA
PUCCH: transmits information about downlink data demodulation
C requests.
Control (, ,
CK), channel quality measurement results and scheduling
, , , )
S Shared ()
CH Channel

Page125
Mapping Relationship between Physical Cha

nnels and Other Channels
D Dedicated
C 1- Common
2 - Control
T Traffic
M Multicast
P - Paging

Page126
Reference Signals
Reference signal is a special data sequence which is located at specific lo

cation (resource elements) in DL/UL frame which is supposed to be deco
ded by UE/eNodeB and taken as a signal for RSRP, RSRQ.
Cell Specific Reference Signals (non-MBSFN
DL
CRS
MBSFN Reference Signals(only for MBSFN

)
RS
UE Specific Reference Signals (It is typically used for
beamforming
Smart Antenna)
Used for channel estimation to help the demodulation of the
DMR
control
S
UL
and data channels in the eNB (
Sounding
Reference
UL) . Signal
Provides the eNB with uplink channel quality information(CQI)
RS
SRS
which
can be used for scheduling (
).

Page127
Cell Specific Reference Signals
It is worth noting that the

position of the reference
signals is dependent on the
value of the Physical Cell ID.
R1 The RS of NO.1 antenna port

Page128
Contents
2.6.1 Cell Selection
2.6.2 Random Access Procedure

Page129
LTE Cell Search Procedure

Page130
Synchronization Channel: Cell Search and

Downlink Synchronization

Page131
Synchronization Channel: Cell Search and Dow

nlink Synchronization
PSS and SSS Location for FDD
PSS and SSS Location for FDD

Page132

PSS and SSS Location for TDD

Page133


Page134
Broadcast Channel: PBCH and System Informat

ion
Acquisition
System information scheduling
MIB: The scheduling period is 40 ms. The MIB is resent every 10 ms at subframe 0.
SIB1: The scheduling period is 80 ms. The SIB1 is resent every 20 ms at subframe 5.
Other SIBs: The scheduling period depends on SIBx period(x=2,38) and the scheduling period is broad
cast in SIB1.
SIBs with the same scheduling period can be sent in the same SI. Each SI window can send only one SI.
SI can be resent for multiple times in the SI window to improve reliability.
20 ms
80 ms
MIB
SI1 period = 80 ms
SI2 period = 80 ms
SI3 period = 160 ms
SI Window = 20 ms
SIB1
SI1
SI2
SI3
SI1
SI2
Slot
Slot
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
PBCH
PSS
SSS

Page135
Contents of System Information
The first three

are key SIBs.

Page136
PLMN Selection
Stored in
UE
Set in
SIM
Set in UE
Set in
SIM
Suggested PLMN List in
SIM card:
PLMN + E-UTRAN
PLMN + UTRAN
PLMN + GSM
Last RPLMN
HPLMN
EHPLMN
PLMN
Select
When UE
Switch On
&
User
Controlled
PLMN
Selector
with Access Technology
Operator
Controlled
PLMN
Selector
with Access Technology
The Timer of
HPLMN
Reselection is
Saved in SIM
Card (no less 6
min)
The
PLMN
of
Better
Wireless
Quality
Other PLMN Base On
Wireless Quality
Customized PLMN/Frequency List in SIM card, UE Prefers to Camp on LTE

Network
Page137
Cell Initial Selection
Criteria for cell selection are

based on Srxlev and Squal

Page138
Random Access Procedure Overview
Purpose:
A user accesses the network and acquires a UE ID used by the eNodeB to id

entify the UE.
The UE is time-synchronized in the uplink.

Random Access Scenarios
Initial access
Handover between cells
The UE is out of synchronization in the uplink.
An error has occurred in the downlink and the UE re-establishes the link.

Page 139
Random Access Procedure
The UE
sends its
s-TMSI.
PDCCH
SRB0
The UE identifies (H)

whether it is chosen
basing on its own s- MAC Exchange (PUCCH < >PDCCH) MAC
TMSI.
The eNodeB
transmits the
s-TMSI to the UEs.
(DCCH)
SRB1
If two UEs send their

s-TMSIs simultaneously,
the eNodeB needs to
choose a UE to connect.

Page140
Uplink Syn. in Random Access Procedure
Uplink synchronization means the time when data reaches the eNodeB is the same as that when the eNodeB r
eceives it.Uplink time deviation exists because of transmission latency. The distances between the UEs and the
eNodeB are different.
Resolutions:
Generally, the eNodeB obtains the timing information by detecting the uplink reference signal (periodic SR
S or DMRS) sent by the UE in the uplink.
The eNodeB transmits the TA (Time Alignment) to the UE on the PDSCH.
In random access, the eNodeB obtains the uplink timing information by measuring preamble signals.
In random access, the eNodeB sends the uplink timing information to the UE on the MAC grant.
The eNodeB and UE maintain the same timer to update TA to ensure that the UE keeps uplink synchroniz
ed when it is in the connected state.
RTD Round Trip Delay

Page141
Contents

Page142
Background of Multi-Antenna Technology
50 years ago, Shannon formula gives the maximum efficiency of time-fre

quency communication system.
C B log 2 1 bit / s
N
The spectrum efficiency of channel C is proportional to signal power and

signal bandwidth. However, with the increase in signal power and signal
bandwidth, the spectrum efficiency increases more slowly, so new techn
ologies need to be introduced in order to effectively improve the spectru
m efficiency.
Therefore, MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology came into

being.

Page143
The Classification of Multi-antenna Technology

Tx diversity
Multiplex
channel
transmission
same
information
Diversit
y
combini
ng
Spatial multiplexing (sometimes

Multiplex
channel
transmission
different
information
Beamforming
Multiple
antenna array
beamforming
single signal
transmission
Including time diversity, space

diversity and frequency
diversity.
Improve reception reliability
and enhance coverage.
It is suitable to the scenario
which need to ensure
reliability
or coverage.
also
call MIMO)
Theoretically doubling the

MMSE or
peak rate.
serial
interferen Suitable for dense urban
areas with more signal
ce
scattering, not suitable for
cancellatio
the case of direct signal
n
Maximu
m ratio
combini
ng
Through accurate estimate of

the channel and form a beam,
reduce interference between
users
Improve coverage while
reducing intra-cell interference,
improve system throughput

Page144
MIMO Overview
MIMO is the key technology of LTE system, it relates to the use of

multiple antennas at both the transmitter (Multiple Input) and re
ceiver (Multiple Output).
Theoretical show that the channel capacity increases linearly by t

he number of transmitter and receiver, so the channel capacity i
n MIMO mode is larger than in single antenna mode.
Date
stream
MIMO
channel

Page145
Radio Channel Access Mode
Traditional
antenna mode
Physical
channel
SISO
Receiving
antenna
Diversity
transmitting mode
Transmitting
antenna
Diversity
receiving mode
MISO
SIMO
MIMO
MIMO mode

Page146
SU-MIMO/MU-MIMO/Co-MIMO Introduction
After Precoding,
the two data
streams mixed in
different transmit
antennas with
different transmit
power and phase
Two
differe
nt data
stream
s

Page147
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
LTE Adopt MIMO
DL 2x2 MIMO,
DL 4x2 MIMO
Open-loop transmit
diversity
Closed-loop transmit
diversity
Spatial multiplex
Smart antenna
Uplink
Transmit diversity
Spatial multiplex (Virtual
MIMO)

Page148
The Advantage of MIMO
Array gain
Improve
Improves the
average SINR of the
combined signal,
and obtains the
performance
Diversity
gain gain
system
Reduce the fading

range of combined
signal and obtain
performance gain
Multiplexing
gain
Increase the
number of spatial
channel and obtain
throughput gain
Interference
cancellation gain
Obtain the gain
on interference
scenarios
coverage
Improve
system
capacity
Improve
spectru
m
efficienc
y
Improve peak
throughput

Page149
Questions
True / False. A cyclic prefix is used to combat multipath del

ays.
a. True.
b. False.

Page150
Questions
How many symbols are there in a slot when a normal CP is

used?
a. 5.
b. 6.
c. 7.
d. 8.

Page151
Questions
Which of the following are downlink transport channels?

a. BCH.
b. PCH.
c. RACH.
d. UL-SCH.
e. DL-SCH.

Page152
Contents
1. Network Architecture
2. Air Interface Principles
3. eNodeB Product Overview

Page153
Contents
3 eNB Product Overview
3.1 The Huawei eNB Family Overview
3.2 Operations and Maintenance

Page154
Versatile Site solutions for Diversified Deployment Scenarios

Indoor eNodeB
BTS3900
Distributed eNodeB
DBS3900
Outdoor
eNodeB
BTS 3900AL
Micro- eNodeB
BTS3202E
Outdoor eNodeB
BTS3900A
Indoor
eNodeB
BTS 3900L
RFU
All-in-one design.
RRU
Compact, light
Multimodal RRU
CDMA/WCDMA/LTE,
or
GSM/UMTS//LTE
BBU
Multimodal BBU
2U 19-in rack mount design
Simultaneous 2G/3G/4G
operation
weight. Support on
wall / on pole
installation.
Huawei SingleBTS Base Stations meet diversified MBB Site

Scenarios.
Three standardized modules shared by all eNodeB portfolio

Page155
BTS3900 LTE

Page156
DBS3900 LTE

Page157
BTS3900(A) LTE
The BTS3900(A) LTE is a compact indoor / outdoor macro e

NB providing the following features:
The BBU3900 and LRFU are installed in the BTS3900 LTE in a centraliz
ed mode which helps to reduce the cost of maintenance on the towe
r.
The BTS3900 LTE is low weight and compact in size yet provides excel
lent scalability in that it supports stack installation of two BTS3900s.
The BTS3900 family (LTE, UMTS and GSM) can share one indoor macr
o cabinet which saves installation space and facilitates smoot
h technology evolution.

Page158
DBS3900 LTE
The DBS3900 LTE is characterized by its small footprint, eas

y installation and low power consumption thus enabling it t
o be installed in the spare space at an existing cell site. The
RRU is also compact and light allowing it to be installed clos
e to the antenna to reduce feeder loss and thus improve sy
stem coverage. Thus the DBS3900 LTE enables service provi
ders to efficiently deploy a high performance LTE network
with a low TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) by minimizing the
investment in power, space and manpower.

Page159
Contents
3 eNB Product Overview
3.1 The Huawei eNB Family Overview
3.2 Operations and Maintenance

Page160
Structure of Operation and Maintenan

ce System
Remote Maintenance
M2000
Client
Local Maintenance
LMT
eNodeB
M2000 Server

Page161
Functions of Operation and Maintenance

System
Configuration Management
Fault Management
Performance Management
Security Management
Software Management
Deployment Management
Equipment / Inventory Management

Page162
Questions
The BTS3900 LTE is comprised of which elements?

a. BBU3900.
b. RRU.
c. LRFU.
d. TMC11H.

Page163
Questions
Which of the following comprise an O&M function?

a. Configuration Management.
b. Performance Management.
c. RF Management.
d. Deployment Management.
e. Access Control Management..

Page164
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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LTE

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

CDMA One (IS-95)

Code Division Multiple

Digital - Advanced Mobile

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

3GPP Evolution : LTE

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

3GPP Evolution : From LTE to LTE-A/B/C

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

LTE Technical Objectives

LTE Technical Features from 3GPP

Higher peak throughput (@20MHz)

Remove CS domain, CS service realized in PS

3GPP creates a new generation of wireless communication systems,

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

EPS (Evolved Packet System)

SAE (System Architecture Evolution) ,

EPC is based on packet domain. .

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

EPS Network Architecture-2G/3G Co-existence

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

UE(User Equipment) identities

IMSI :International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IMEI :International Mobile Equipment Identity (id

GUTI :Globally Unique Temporary Identity

S-TMSI :SAE - Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

IP address: address in either IPV4 or IPV6

UE Categories and capabilities

Support for 64QAM in

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)

MCC (Mobile Country Code)

Temporary subscriber identifier - Id

GUTI (Globally Unique Temporary ID)

GUMMEI (Global Unique MME Identifier)

S-TMSI Serving TMSI

MMEC (MME Code)

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

- EUTRAN CGI (Evolved UTRAN Cell Global

ECGI=MCC +MNC + eNB Id + Cell Id

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Identifiers and corresponding legacy I

Location related identifiers

TAI (Tracking Area ID)

TAI = MCC + MNC + TAC

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tracking Area in EPS

MMEI= MME Group ID+MME Code

Location Information Storage

Tracking Area list

Tracking Area list

Copyright 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

MME selection for handovers with MME

NAS signaling security

SGSN selection for handovers to 2G/3G

NAS ( MME UE)

access networks SGSN

Reachability of UEs in IDLE mode.

Performing lawful interception

for uplink and downlink data (e.g. set DSCP).

Packet filtering based on single user