WIRE

At RF/MW frequencies- becomes very complex element

Wire in a circuit can take on many forms
Wire wounded resistors
Wire wounded inductors
Leaded capacitors
Element to element interconnect applications
Behaviour of wire- wires diameter and length

Problems associated with wires

Skin effect
Straight-wire inductance.

Skin effect
As frequency increases, the electric signals propagate less and less in the inside of conductor.
Current density increases near outside of conductor and causes a higher impedance to seen by the signal.
Straight- wire inductance
In the medium surrounding any current carrying conductor, there exists a magnetic fields.
If the current is AC, the magnetic field is alternately expanding and contracting, even reverse direction.
Self inductance

RESISTOR
An element specializing in the resistance property material. The resistance of a material is a property whose
Value determines at which electrical energy is converted into thermal energy when an electric current passes through it.
It is used for different purposes:
Transistor------operating point
Attenuators----control the flow of power
Signal combiners-----higher o/p power
Tx lines---- matched conditions
At DC : V=IR
At low AC :V=IR
At high AC :VIR

SEVERAL TYPES OF RESISTOR:

Carbon composition film resistorhigh capacitor due to granules of parasitic capacitance.
wire wound resistors---high lead inductance.
Metal film resistors---highly resistive film.
Thin film chip resistors--- reduce the parasitic reactance greatly.

CAPACITOR
A device that consists of two conducting metal separated by a insulating materials or dielectric.
The dielectric usually air, paper, mica or plastic.
The capacitance is the property the permits the store of charge when potential difference b/w the conductors. It
Is shown by farads.
Performance dependent on dielectric voltage and temperature range.

Perfect
capacitors

Current will leads the applied voltage in phase by 90 degrees.

In a practical capacitor
power factor.
P.F= = where
IMPERFECT ELEMENT IS AN Q-FACTOR
Q-Factor
Measure of the ability of an element to store energy, equal to 2 times the average energy stored divided
by the energy dissipated.

PREFECT CAPACITOR Q= INFINTIE

BECAUSE =0

INDUCTOR
A wire that is wound in such a manner to increase the magnetic flux linkage b/w the turns of the coil.
The increases flux linkage increases the wire self inductance.