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TERAPAN DAN
ANGKUTAN SEDIMEN
1
ALIRAN TERBUKA
ALIRAN TERBUKA
Rome, Italy
Rome, Italy
aqueduct
Rome's first aqueduct supplied a water fountain sited at the city's cattle market. By the third century AD, the city had eleven
aqueducts, sustaining a population of over a million in a water-extravagant economy; most of the water supplied the city's many
public baths. Cities and municipalities throughout the Roman Empire emulated this model, and funded aqueducts as objects of
public interest and civic pride, "an expensive yet necessary luxury to which all could, and did, aspire.")
Most Roman aqueducts proved reliable, and durable; some were maintained into the early modern era, and a few are still partly in
use. Methods of aqueduct surveying and construction are noted by Vitruvius in his work De Architectura (1st century BC).
Rome, Italy
aqueduct
Rome's first aqueduct supplied a water fountain sited at the city's cattle market. By the third century AD, the city had eleven
aqueducts, sustaining a population of over a million in a water-extravagant economy; most of the water supplied the city's many
public baths. Cities and municipalities throughout the Roman Empire emulated this model, and funded aqueducts as objects of
public interest and civic pride, "an expensive yet necessary luxury to which all could, and did, aspire.")
Most Roman aqueducts proved reliable, and durable; some were maintained into the early modern era, and a few are still partly in
use. Methods of aqueduct surveying and construction are noted by Vitruvius in his work De Architectura (1st century BC).
Kitakami River
Tsunami of 2011
Severely eroded
Laboratory Experiment
Scale 1:330
8
Laboratory Experiment
Scale 1:330
Water level were measured at various
locations, including sea, river mouth,
river, and land
Results
10
Results
Tsunami intrusion into the river
Experiment
Numerical
Numerical
Experiment
Numerical
Experiment
Design
12
1. Pengantar
Aliran dalam saluran dapat berupa aliran saluran terbuka dan aliran pipa.
Aliran dalam saluran terbuka memiliki permukaan bebas yang dipengaruhi
oleh tekanan udara. Sementara aliran pipa terkurung dalam saluran
tertutup yang dipengaruhi oleh tekanan hidrolika.
2. Karakteristik Aliran
Sifat aliran saluran terbuka ditentukan oleh pengaruh kekentalan dan gravitasi
berkaitan dengan gaya-gaya inersia aliran. Tegangan permukaan air dalam
kondisi tertentu dapat mempengaruhi perilaku aliran, biasanya dapat diabaikan.
VL
dimana
V = kecepatan ,
m/det
L = panjang karakteristik, m
Aliran saluran terbuka adalah laminar jika bilangan Reynolds R kecil, dan
turbulen bila R besar.
Aliran saluran terbuka adalah laminar jika bilangan Reynolds R kecil, dan
turbulen bila R besar.
A. Aliran steady
1. Aliran seragam Uniform
2. Aliran berubah Varied
a. Aliran berubah lambat laun
b. Aliran berubah tiba-tiba
B. Aliran tidak steady
1. Aliran seragam tidak steady (jarang)
2. Aliran tidak steady (aliran berubah tidak steady)
a. Aliran tidak steady berubah lambat laun
b. Aliran tidak steady berubah tiba-tiba.
Open-channel flow
Steady flow
Uniform flow
Rapidly
Varied flow
Unsteady flow
Varied flow
Gradually
Varied flow
Unsteady
Varied flow
Rapidly
Varied
Unsteady
flow
Unsteady
Uniform flow
Gradually
Varied
unsteady flow
Open-channel flow
Steady flow
Uniform flow
Rapidly
Varied flow
Unsteady flow
Varied flow
Gradually
Varied flow
Unsteady
Varied flow
Rapidly
Varied
Unsteady
flow
Unsteady
Uniform flow
Gradually
Varied
unsteady flow
UF GVF
RVF
RVF
GVF
UF GVF
RVF
RVF
Steady flow
Uniform flow
Rapidly
Varied flow
Unsteady flow
Varied flow
Gradually
Varied flow
Unsteady
Varied flow
Rapidly
Varied
Unsteady
flow
Unsteady
Uniform flow
Gradually
Varied
unsteady flow
Steady flow
Uniform flow
Rapidly
Varied flow
Unsteady flow
Varied flow
Gradually
Varied flow
Unsteady
Varied flow
Rapidly
Varied
Unsteady
flow
Unsteady
Uniform flow
Gradually
Varied
unsteady flow
Steady flow
Uniform flow
Rapidly
Varied flow
Unsteady flow
Varied flow
Gradually
Varied flow
Unsteady
Varied flow
Rapidly
Varied
Unsteady
flow
Unsteady
Uniform flow
Gradually
Varied
unsteady flow
Uniform flow
Rapidly
Varied flow
Unsteady flow
Varied flow
Gradually
Varied flow
Unsteady
Varied flow
Rapidly
Varied
Unsteady
flow
Unsteady
Uniform flow
Gradually
Varied
unsteady flow
Steady flow
Seine River Paris, France
Uniform flow
Rapidly
Varied flow
Varied flow
Gradually
Varied flow
Unsteady flow
Unsteady
Varied flow
Rapidly
Varied
Unsteady
flow
Unsteady
Uniform flow
Gradually
Varied
unsteady flow
Steady flow
Uniform flow
Rapidly
Varied flow
Unsteady flow
Varied flow
Gradually
Varied flow
Unsteady
Varied flow
Rapidly
Varied
Unsteady
flow
Unsteady
Uniform flow
Gradually
Varied
unsteady flow
Steady flow
Uniform flow
Rapidly
Varied flow
Unsteady flow
Varied flow
Gradually
Varied flow
Unsteady
Varied flow
Rapidly
Varied
Unsteady
flow
Unsteady
Uniform flow
Gradually
Varied
unsteady flow
Uniform flow
Rapidly
Varied flow
Varied flow
Unsteady flow
Unsteady
Varied flow
NUMERICAL WORKS
Gradually
Rapidly
Varied flow
Varied
Unsteady
flow
Unsteady
Uniform flow
Gradually
Varied
unsteady flow
Steady flow
Uniform flow
Rapidly
Varied flow
Unsteady flow
Varied flow
Gradually
Varied flow
Unsteady
Varied flow
Rapidly
Varied
Unsteady
flow
Unsteady
Uniform flow
Gradually
Varied
unsteady flow
Saluran yang mengalirkan air dan memiliki suatu permukaan bebas disebut saluran
terbuka. Berdasarkan asalnya, saluran dapat digolongkan menjadi saluran alam
(natural) dan saluran buatan (artificial).
Saluran alam meliputi alur air yang terdapat secara alamiah di bumi seperti saluran
alam di pegunungan, kali, sungai kecil dan sungai besar sampai ke muara sungai.
Aliran air di bawah tanah dengan permukaan bebas dapat dianggap sebagai
saluran terbuka alamiah.
Saluran terbuka buatan dapat berupa saluran (canal), talang (flume), got
miring (chute), terjunan (drop), gorong-gorong (culvert), terowongan air
terbuka (open-flow tunnel) dan sebagainya.
ZA DA
A
T
ZA DA
A
T
Penampang saluran
hidrolik terbaik
Beberapa penampang saluran lebih efisien daripada
penampang alinnya karena memberikan luas yang
lebih besar untuk keliling basah tertentu.
Pada pembangunan saluran seringkali diperlukan
penggalian saluran.
Penampang saluran hidrolik terbaik :
PENAMPANG HIDRAULIS
TERBAIK
Q=VA
: Debit (m3/detik)
: Kecepatan (m/detik)
Paling efisien
Penampang ekonomis
P minimum
Galian minimum,
Bahan minimum,
TUGAS