Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HYPOTHETICO DEDUCTIVE
METHOD
Prof. Dr. Imam Ghozali, M.Com
Program S3 Ilmu Ekonomi
Universitas Diponegoro
Observasi Empiris
Singular Statement
Deduktif
Normatif & Positif
Describe (deskripsi)
Explain (menjelaskan)
Predict (meramalkan)
Sifat Teori
Jenis Penelitian Deskriptif
1. Exploratory
2. Uji Hipotesis
a. Korelasi
b. Regresi
Explain
Prediksi
Non-Empiris
Filsafat, Sejarah
Empiris
Study Kasus,survey
Etnography
Empiris
Survey
Non-eksperimen
Empiris
Eksperimen
Survey
1
Observation
4
5
3
Problem
Definition
Preliminary
Data
Gathering
Theoretical
Framework
Hypotheses
6
Research
Design
7
Data
Collection
Analysis
Deduction
Problem Definition
1. Latar Belakang Masalah (7- 10 hal)
- Theory Gap atau Research Gap
- Masalah Penelitian dapat berasal dari
a. Pengamatan empiris
b. Penelitian sebelumnya: replikasi,
modifikasi atau pengembangan
Masalah Penelitian
Problem Definition
Masalah penelitian tidak berarti ada kesalahan serius
dengan situasi sekarang dan perlu penyelesain. Masalah
penelitian juga mengindikasikan kepentingan pada isu
untuk menemukan jawaban terbaik dan akan mampu
memperbaiki keadaan sekarang. Masalah penelitian
didefiniskan sebagai situasi dimana ada kesenjangan
(gap) antara yang sesungguhnya dan situasi yang
diharapkan.
Pernyataan Masalah
Problem Statement
Tujuan Penelitian
Research Objectives
Tujuan penelitian adalah menjawab masalah
penelitian. Umumnya menggunakann kata kerja
yang punya tingkat kognitif yang tinggi seperti to
investigate (menginvestigasi), to analyze
(menganalisis), to observe (mengobservasi), to
identify (mengidentifikasi), to asses (menilai).
Jumlah tujuan penelitian tergantung dari jumlah
masalah penelitian. Jumlah tujuan penelitian
sama atau lebih banyak dari masalah penelitian
dan tidak mungkin kurang dari jumlah masalah.
Tujuan Penelitian
Menemukan motivasi konsumen membeli produk online.
Melakukan studi pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan terhadap
kepuasan kerja karyawan
Menginvestigasi hubungan antara struktur modal dan
profitabilitas perusahaan
Menetapkan faktor sukses dalam adopsi dan
penggunaan sistem informasi.
Menentukan harga optimal suatu produk
Menetapkan determinan keterlibatan karyawan.
Memahami penyebab ansensi karyawan.
Pertanyaan Penelitian
Research Questions
Setelah tujuan penelitian teridentifikasi, maka langkah
berikutnya peneliti merumuskan pertanyaan penelitian.
Pertanyaan penelitian dibuat dengan kalimat tanya
menggunakan kalimat tanya What?. How? dan Why ?.
Pertanyaan penelitian menspesifikasi apakah dan
bagaimanakah anda ingin mempelajari topik penelitian.
Pertanyaan penelitian mengarahkan dan membuat
struktur proses pengumpulan dan analisis informasi
untuk membantu menetapkan tujuan penelitian. Dengan
kata lain pertanyaan penelitian merubah masalah
penelitian kebutuhan khusus untuk informasi.
Pertanyaan Penelitian
Sampai seberapa jauh struktur organisasi dan tipe sistem informasi
yang dibangun memberikan variasi persepsi efektivitas pengambilan
keputusan manajemen?
Sampai seberapa jauh kampanye iklan baru berhasil menciptakan
konsumen kualitas tinggi?.
Bagaimanakah pengepakan baru berdampak pada penjualan produk?
Apakah pesan iklan yang baru menyebabkan meningkatnya recall?
Apakah pengaruh partisipasi anggaran terhadap kinerja dimoderasi
oleh sistem kontrol?
Apakah ekspansi operasi internasional menghasilkan peningkatan
image dan nilai perusahaan?
Apa dampak downsizing terhadap pola pertumbuhan jangka panjang
perusahaan?
Problem Definition
2. Perumusan Masalah
- Diawali dengan problem statement (pernyataan
masalah)
- Diwujudkan dalam research question (pertanyaan
penelitian) : What, How dan Why
3. Tujuan Penelitian
- Menjawab masalah penelitian
- Gunakan kata kerja dgn kognitif tinggi (menganalisis,
mengevaluasi)
- Harus konsisten antara judul penelitian, latar
belakang masalah, perumusan masalah, tujhuan
penelitian dan hipotesis
Concepts
Abstract idea
Non-Variable
Definiton
State meaning of the
concept
Variable
Observe
Kinerja (ROA)
Inflasi (IHK)
Un-observed
Proposition
Statement about concept
Or relationship between
concept
Kategori Peringkat
Jarak
Unique Nilai
Origin Tengah
Dispersi
Test
signif
Nominal
Ya
Tdk
Tdk
Tdk
Mode
Ordinal
Ya
Ya
Tdk
Tdk
Median
Interquartil
Deviasi
Rank
Order
Corr
Interval
Ya
Ya
Ya
Tdk
Mean
Standar
Deviasi
t, F
Ratio
Ya
Ya
Ya
Ya
Mean
Standar
Deviasi
t, F
X2
Kepuasan
Kerja
Dimensi
Indikator
Job
Q1 Q2 Q3
Atasan
Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7
Co
Worker
Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11
Jenis variabel
Stress
StomachHeadache tension
ache
Reflective Indicator
Stress
Formative Indicator
Independent
Dependent
CAR
ROA
NPL
NIM
Size
Age
Control variables
ROA = b0 + b1CAR + b2NPL + b3NIM + e
ROA = b0 + b1CAR + b2NPL +b3NIM + b4Size + b5Age + e
We never hyphotese variable control
Path Analysis
Measurement Model:
1(Ksi)
X1=11+d1
X2=21+d2
X3=31+d3
Structural Model:
1=1.11+1.22+ 1
2= 2.11+2.22+2.11+ 2
Moderating Variables
X
Numbers of
Books read
Capability of
reading
Parent
Condition
illiterate
Z
Y = b0 +b1X + b2Z*X+ e
Y= b0 + b1X + b2Z +b3Z*X + e
Indepeden
Dependen
Partisipasi
Anggaran
Kinerja
Manajerial
Dependen
Independen
Kinerja
Manajerial
Partispasi
Anggaran
Motivasi
Independen
Moderating
Partisipasi
Anggaran
Dependen
Kinerja
Manajerial
Motivasi
Intervening
Hypotheses
A Special type of proposition that represents
conjecture about concepts stated in empirically
testable form.
Is derived from a proposition by linking one or
more constitutively defined concepts with the
empirical indicators identified in the operational
definition.
Proposisi: suatu pernytaan tentang konsep yang
dapat dinilai benar atau salah jika dikaitkan
dengan fenomena.
Jika proposisi ini dirumuskan untuk pengujian
empiris, maka disebut hipotesis
Hypotheses
Hypotheses
Hypotheses
1.
Hypotheses
Organizational
Structure:
Decentralization
Organizational
Independence
Perceived
Usefulness
Of MAS:
1. Scope
2. Timeliness
3. Aggregation
4. Integration
Hipotesis Penelitian
H1: There is a direct relationship between the
perceived usefulness of the MAS characteristic
of broad scope and the three contextual variable
of 1)decentralization, 2) perceived environment
uncertainty, 3) organizational interdependence.
H2: There is direct relationship between the
perceived usefulness of the MAS characteristic
of timeliness and the contextual variable of PEU.
H3: There is direct relationship between the
perceived usefulness of the MAS characteristic
of aggregation and the two contextual variables
of 1) decentralization, and 2) PEU
Hipotesis Penelitian
H4: There is direct relationship between the perceived
usefulness of the MAS characteristic of integration and
the two contextual variables of 1) decentralization, and
2) organizational interdependence.
H5: There is an indirect relationship between the
perceived usefulness of the two MAS characteristic of 1)
broad scope and 2)aggregation, and PEU acting through
decentralization.
H6: There is an indirect relationship between the
perceived usefulness of the two MAS characteristic of 1)
broad scope and 2) integration, and OI acting through
decentralization.
Situational
Characteristics
-Production
Technology
-Market factors
-Organizational
Characteristics
Budgeting
System
Characteristics
Organizational
Performance
Hipotesis Penelitian
Production technolgy and budgeting
H1: Department with productive technology that are
relatively routine and repetitive tend to place greater
emphasis on formal budgeting.
Market factors and budgeting
H2: Department with predominantly in the earlier stages of
product life cycle (emerging, growth) tend to place less
emphasis on formal budgeting than do departments with
products predominantly in the later stage (mature,
declining).
H3: Department with a relatively strong market position
tend to place greater emphasis on formal budgeting.
Hipotesis Penelitian
Organizational characteristics and budgeting.
H4: Larger, more diverse department tend to place
greater emphasis on formal budgeting.
Effects on organizational performance
H5: Organizational performance tend to be higher
where there is a fit between the use of
budgeting and the situational factors as
described in Hypotheses 1 -4
Macro Strategy
Variable
Micro Strategy
Variable
Organizatioanl
structure
Firm
Performance
Hipotesis Penelitian
H1: Small firms in high-tech industries have mission
strategies which are more build-oriented than are those
of small firms in low-tech industries.
H2: Small firms in high-tech industries have strategic
postures which are more entrepreneurial than are those
of small firms in low-tech industries.
H3: Small firms in high-tech industries have structures
which are more organic than are those small firms in
low-tech industries.
H4: Small firms in high-tech industries perform better
than do small firms in low-tech industries.
Moderating
Diversification
strategy
Mode of
diversification
Industry structure
-Concentration
-Barrier to entry
-Capital intensity
-Growth
Organizational
Factor:
Structure,culture
system
Performance:
-return
-risk
- other
Competitiveness
Instrumentality
Role ambiguity
Effort
Performance
Satisfaction
Role Conflict
Participative
Std setting
Std Based
Incentive
Std
Tightness
Job Related
Stress
Job
Performance
Setting Penelitian
Laboratory Setting
Field Setting
Laboratory Research
Field Research
Laboratory Experiment
Field
Experiment
Behavioral Measures
Frequency
Of respond
Latency
Number of
errors
Research involves
Measurement
Established measures
Through literture review
Validity and Reliability
Known
Self Report M
Rating Scale
Likert Scale
Attitude measuremen
Develop own measure
Desain Penelitian
Non-Experimental
Quasi-Experimental
Design
Based on correlational
research strategy
- Observational research
- Case study research
- Content analysis
- Survey research
- Quasi-experimental
Experimental Design
Based on experimental
research strategy
- Simple experiment
- Multiple group
experiment
- Field experiment
Sampling Method
Unit analisis:
1. individuals groups artifacts (books,
photos, newspapers)
2. geographical units (town, census tract,
state) .
3. social interactions (dyadic
relations, divorces, arrests)
Probability Sampling
Probabilitas
Populasi
Persh Go Public
Di BEJ
350 persh
Sample
60 persh
Mean
Mean
Variance
Std Dev
Std. Dev
Variance
Probability Sampling
Simple random sampling:
1. Lotere
2. Tabel Random
Complex Random Sampling:
1. Systematic random sampling
2. Stratified random sampling
3. Cluster random sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
Convenience sampling
Purposive sampling
Judgemnetal sampling
Kesalahan Sampling:
Type I error (alpha): salah padahal benar
Type II error (beta): benar padahal salah
a.
b.
c.
a.
Variabel Bebas
Teknik Analisis
1.
Satu metrik
Satu non-metrik
Dua kategori
2.
Satu metrik
3.
Satu metrik
Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) one way
Anova
Two way Anova
4.
Multivariate analysis
of variance (Manova)
Variabel bebas
Teknik Analisis
5. Satu metrik
Multiple Regression
Analisis Diskriminan
Logistic regression
Structural equation
Modelling (SEM)