BI TP LN

Mn iu Khin S

ti : Tm hiu v b bin i DAC V ADC

Nhm 02 : 1321060526 Trung Kin
1321060160 Nguyn Vn Kin
1321060537 - Vn Huy Lm
1531060023 L Thc Linh
1321060167 Hong Vn Linh
1321060548 L Hong Long
1321060169 Phm Vn Lc
1121060244 Phm Vn Lc

GV Hng Dn : Nguyn c Khot

1531060024 Nguyn Vn Mnh

1321040180 Nguyn nh Nam
1531060025 o Th Nga
1531060026 Nguyn Th Hng Nhung
1531060027 V Vit Ninh
1321060581 Nguyn Th Phng
1321060583 Trnh Xun Phng

MC LC
Khi nim
Nguyn l lm vic + s khi.
Cc dng c tnh k thut.
Cc dng mch DAC
ng dng ca DAC
M phng DAC 8bit trn phn mm Proteus

I. Khi nim
DAC hay Mch chuyn i s ra tng t, hay Digital-toanalog converter, l mt Linh kin bn dn thc hin chuyn
i d liu k thut s (thng l nh phn) thnh tn hiu tng
t thng l in p.

II. Nguyn l lm vic + s khi.

Nguyn l lm vic :
Thng thng th chuyn i DAC thc hin bng mng in
tr, vi s ng vo tng ng vi s bit ca s liu, v mt ng
ra. Gi tr in tr c chn tng ng vi bc ca bit s,
to ra trng s bin i, sao cho in p vo mc logic quy
nh th phn ca bit gp vo in p tng ng nh bc ca
bt . Kt qu l ng ra c mc in p tng ng vi gi tr
s ca ng vo.

 S ca mt DAC

III. Cc c tnh k thut ca DAC

Bit c ngha thp nht (LSB) v bit c ngha cao nht (MSB)
Trong k thut s, ta thy i lng s c gi tr xc nh l mt trong hai kh
nng l 0 hoc 1, cao hay thp, ng hoc sai, vv.
Nu ta gi tr s ton giai l VFS th bit LSB v bt MSB c gi tr l :
LSB = VFS
MSB = VFS2n-1/ (2n-1)
in th tng t ra c xem nh thay i ngay gia hai m s nh phn vo
k nhau.
Khi m s nh phn vo l 000 th in th tng t ra l 0 v in th tng t
ra s ln nc k 000+ (1/2) LSB.v.v Tr tng t ra ng vi 001 gi tt l
1LSB v tr ton giai VFS = 7LSB tng t vi s 111.
Chuyn i s sang tng t l tin trnh ly mt gi tr c biu din di
dng m s ( digital code ) v chuyn i n thnh mc in th hoc dng in
t l vi gi tr s.

 phn gii ( resolution)

phn gii c hiu l gi tr thay i nh nht ca tn hiu tng t ra
c th c khi s nh phn vo thay i.
S nh phn n bit c 2n gi tr v 2n 1 bc.
Hiu th tng t ra xc nh bi v0 = k.(B)2 l s nh phn.
Trong k chnh l phn gii v (B) 2 l s nh phn.
Ngi ta thng tnh phn trm phn gii.

%rec = ( 1/ 2n 1).100

phn gii ca DAC ph thuc vo s bit, do cc nh ch to thng

n nh phn gii ca DAC dng s bit. DAC 10 bit c phn gii
tinh hn DAC 8 bit. DAC c cng nhiu bit th phn gii cng tinh hn.
phn gii lun bng trng s ca LSB. Cn gi l kch thc bc thang
(step size), v l khong thay i ca Vout khi gi tr ca u vo s thay
i t bc ny sang bc khc.

V d : Dng sng bc thang trong DAC

Dng sng bc thang (Hnh 1) c 16 mc vi 16 thng thi u vo

nhng ch c 15 bc gia mc 0 v mc cc i. Vi DAC c N bit th
tng s mc khc nhau s l 2N, v tng s bc s l 2N 1.

Bi ton minh ha:

Mt DAC 10 bit c kch thc bc thang = 10mV. Hy xc nh in th u ra
cc i ( y thang ) v t l % phn gii.
GII:
DAC c 10 bit nn ta c :
S bc l 210 1 = 1023 bc
Vi mi bc l 10mV nn u ra cc i s l 10mVx1023 = 10.23V
T v d trn cho thy t l phn trm phn gii gim i khi s bit u vo
tng ln. Do ta cn tnh c % phn gii theo cng thc: Vi m u
vo nh phn N bit ta c tng s bc l 2N 1 bc.

 ng (Accuracy)
ng ( cn gi l chnh xc ) tuyt i ca mt DAC l tn
hiu s gia in th tng t ra v in th ra l thuyt tng ng
vi m s nh phn vo.
Hai s nh phn k nhau phi cho ra hai in th tng t khc nhau
ng 1LSB.
iu quan trng ca mt DAC l chnh xc v phn gii phi
tng thch vi nhau.

Hnh 2 : Minh ha cho ng

 Sai s lch
Theo l tng th u ra ca DAC s l 0V khi tt c u vo nh phn
ton l bit 0. Tuy nhin trn thc t th mc in th ra cho trng hp ny
s rt nh, gi l sai s lch ( offset error). Sai s ny nu khng iu
chnh th s c cng vo u ra DAC d kin trong tt c cc trng
hp.
Nhiu DAC c tnh nng iu chnh sai s lch bn ngoi, s cho php
chng ta trit tiu lch ny bng cch p mi bit 0 u vo DAC v
theo di u ra. Khi ta iu chnh chit p iu chnh lch cho n
khi no u ra bng 0V.

 Thi gian n nh
Thi gian n nh (settling time) l thi gian cn thit u ra DAC i t
zero n bc thang cao nht khi u vo nh phn bin thin t chui bit ton
0 n chui bit ton l 1. Thc t thi gian n nh l thi gian u vo
DAC n nh trong phm vi 1/2 kch thc bc thang ( phn gii) ca gi
tr cui cng.
V d: Mt DAC c phn gii 10mV th thi gian n nh c o l
thi gian u ra cn c n nh trong phm vi 5mV ca gi tr y thang.
Thi gian n nh c gi tr bin thin trong khong 50ns n 10ns. DAC vi
u ra dng c thi gian n nh ngn hn thi gian n nh ca DAC c u
ra in th.

 Trng thi n iu
DAC c tnh cht n iu ( monotonic) nu u ra ca n tng khi u vo
nh phn tng dn t gi tr ny ln gi tr k tip. Ni cch khc l u ra
bc thang s khng c bc i xung khi u vo nh phn tng dn t zero
n y thang.
T s ph thuc dng:
DAC cht lng cao yu cu s nh hng ca bin thin in p ngun i
vi in p u ra v cng nh. T s ph thuc ngun l t s bin thin
mc in p u ra vi bin thin in p ngun gy ra n.
Ngoi cc thng s trn chng ta cn phi quan tm n cc thng s khc
ca mt DAC khi s dng nh: cc mc logic cao, thp, in tr, in dung,
ca u vo; di rng, in tr, in dung ca u ra; h s nhit,

IV .Cc dng DAC

DAC dng in tr c trng s nh phn v b khuych i ln.

Hnh 4 l s mch ca mt mch DAC 4 bit dng in tr

v b khuch i o. Bn u vo A, B, C, D c gi tr gi
nh ln lt l 0V v 5v

 phn gii ca mch DAC (hnh 5) bng vi trng s ca LSB,

ngha l bng x 5V = 0.625V. Nhn vo bng 5.1 ta thy u ra tng
t tng 0.625V khi s nh phn u vo tng ln mt bc.

Hnh 5 : u ra ng vi iu kin cc u vo thch hp 0V hoc 5V.

 V d minh ha
a. Xc nh trng s ca mi bit u vo hnh 5
b. Thay i Rf thnh 500W.Xc nh u ra cc i y thang.
GII :
a. MSB chuyn i vi mc khuch i = 1 nn trng s ca n u ra l 5V.
Tng t nh vy ta tnh c cc trng s ca cc bit u vo nh sau:
MSB

# 5V

MSB th 2

# 2.5V (gim i 1/2)

MSB th 3

# 1.25V (gim i 1/4)

MSB th 4 (LSB) # 0.625V (gim i 1/8)

b. Nu Rf = 500W gim theo tha s 2, nn mi trng s u vo s nh hn 2
ln so vi gi tr tnh trn. Do u ra cc i ( y thang) s gim theo cng
tha s, cn li: -9.375/2 = -4.6875

 Mch DAC R/2R.

Mch DAC ta va kho st s dng in tr c trng s nh phn to trng
s thch hp cho tng bit vo. Tuy nhin c nhiu hn ch trong thc t.
Hn ch ln nht l khong cch chnh lch ng k gi tr in tr
gia LSB v MSB, nht l trong cc DAC c phn gii cao (nhiu bit).
V d nu in tr MSB = 1k trong DAC 12 bit, th in tr LSB s c gi
tr trn 2M. iu ny rt kh cho vic ch to cc IC c bin thin rng
v in tr c th duy tr t l chnh xc.
khc phc c nhc im ny, ngi ta tm ra mt mch DAC p
ng c yu cu l mch DAC mng R/2R ladder. Cc in tr trong
mch ny ch bin thin trong khong t 2 n 1.

 V d

 DAC vi u ra dng
Trong cc thit b k thut s i lc cng i hi qu trnh iu khin bng
dng in. Do ngi ta to ra cc DAC vi ng ra dng p ng
yu cu . Hnh 7 l mt DAC vi ng ra dng tng t t l vi u vo
nh phn. Mch DAC ny 4 bit, c 4 ng dn dng song song mi ng
c mt chuyn mch iu khin. Trng thi ca mi chuyn mch b chi phi
bi mc logic u vo nh phn.

 Dng chy qua mi ng l do mc in th quy chiu VREF v gi tr

in tr trong ng dn quyt nh. Gi tr in tr c trng s theo c s
2, nn cng dng in cng c trng s theo h s 2 v tng cng
dng in ra IOUT s l tng cc dng ca cc nhnh.

DAC vi u dng ra c th chuyn thnh DAC c u ra in th

bng cch dng b khuch i thut ton (Op-Amp) nh hnh 7

V : ng dng ca DAC
Hin nay th ng dng ch yu ca DAC l hon nguyn tn hiu trong cc
thit b m thanh, t cc dn ca cng nghip gii tr n my tnh, in thoi
di ng, PDA,... Ngoi ra n c dng trong cc thit b y t, th nghim,...
c b iu khin dng s (my tnh hoc vi x l) pht in p theo mc
xc nh vo i tng th nghim.
DAC cn l thnh phn ca ADC du phy ng, c th rp ri hoc ch sn
thnh chip. Tn hiu c a qua tin khuch i c mt modul DAC iu
chnh h s khuch dng nh phn, sao cho tn hiu ra nm trong di ng ca
ADC chnh. Nhng DAC ny c bc bit thp, c 2 n 4.

VI .M phng DAC 8bit trn phn mm Proteus

MC
LC

I: Khi nim

II: s khi+ nguyn l lm vic

III Cc dng mch ADC

IV ng dng ca ADC

ADC

ADC
I: KHI NIM
ADChaymch chuyn i tng t ra s(analog-to-digital
converter)l mtlinh kin bn dnthc hin chuyn i
mti lng vt ltng t lin tcno (thng lin
p) sanggi tr sbiu din ln ca i lng . thun
tin m t, sau y coi mc nhin tn hiu vo l in p.

II:S KHI ADC

2.1:NGUYN L LM VIC
ADC

Xung lnh START khi ng s hot ng ca h thng.

xung CLOCK quyt nh b iu khin lin tc chnh sa s nh phn lu trong thanh ghi.

s nh phn trong thanh ghi c dac chuyn i thnh mc in th tng t VAX.

b so snh so snhvaxvi u vo trng t va. nuVAX< VAu ra ca b so snh ln

mc cao. nuVAX> VAt nht bng mt khongVT(in th ngng), u dra ca b so snh
s xung mc thp v ngng tin trnh bin i s nh phn thanh ghi. ti thi im
nyVAXxp xva. gi dtr nh phn thanh ghi l i lng s tng ngvaxv cng l i
lng s tng ngVAX, trong gii hn phn gii v chnh xc ca h thng.

logic iu khin kch hot tn hiu ECO khi chu k chuyn i kt thc

2.2:H viBIN I AD

( 1):mch lc thng thp

(2):mch ly mu
* Quy trnh bin i :
+ Tn hiu cn bin i vi qua (1) c

a ti (2)

.
1

v gi bin

i thnh tn hiu dng bc thang vi chu

k ly mu T
+ Mi mu l in p mt chiu Vx khng i

+ Qua b ADC cc mu Vx c bin i thnh

cc d
vL
ln ca Vx

liu s Ax (tn hiu s) c Aaxt l vi

ADC

+Nu s mu l m,ADC to ra m d liu s

Ax=An-1..a1a0

Tn hiu s

nlog2m

2.2 H BIN I AD
( TIP)

NHN XT : qu trnh chuyn i A/D nhn

chung c thc hin qua 4 bc c bn
l:

Ly mu;

Nh mu;

Lng t ha v m ha.

Cc bc lun lun kt hp vi nhau

trong mt qu trnh thng nht.

2.2.1: NH L LY MU

+i vi tn hiu tng t vi th tn hiu ly mu vs sau qu

trnh ly mu c th khi phc tr li vi mt cch trung thc
nu iu kin sau y tha mn:

fs 2fimax

trong fs: tn s ly mu

fimax: l gii hn trn ca gii tn s tng t

+ nu biu thc tho mn th dung b t lc thng thp khi

phc VI v VS

+V mi ln chuyn i in p ly mu thnh tn hiu s

tng ng u cn c mt thi gian nht nh nn phi nh
mu trong mt khong thi gian cn thit sau mi ln ly mu.
in p tng t u vo c thc hin chuyn i A/D trn
thc t l gi tr VI i din, gi tr ny l kt qu ca mi ln
ly mu.

2.2.2: LNG T HA V M
HA

nu dng tn hiu s biu th in p ly mu th phi bt in p ly

mu ha thnh bi s nguyn ln gi tr n v. Qu trnh ny gi l
lng t ha.

n v c chn theo qui nh ny gi l n v lng t, k hiu D.

Nh vy gi tr bit 1 ca LSB tn hiu s bng D.

Vic dng m nh phn biu th gi tr tn hiu s l m ha. M nh

phn c c sau qu trnh trn chnh l tn hiu u ra ca chuyn
i A/D.

2.2.3: MCH LY
MU V NH MU
.
+Khi u vo iu khin = 1 lc
ny chuyn mch ng mch ch
ly m
+Khi u vo iu khin = 0 lc
ny chuyn mch h mch ch
gi mu
+Chuyn mch c ng mt thi
gian di t Ch np n gi tr
dng in ca tn hiu tng t.

2.3:CC TIU CHUN CA K THUT

ADC
phn gii
Di rng in tr u vo
chnh xc tng i
Tc chuyn i
H s nhit
T s ph thuc cng sut
Cng sut tiu hao

III:CC DNG MCH CA

ADC
Bin i AD c th th chin bi nhiu cng ngh
khc nhua nh ADC kiu m,kiu tch phn, gn
ng lin tip ,bin i nhanh ,.
ADC tch phn sn i hoc a sn, ADC m ho
delta, ADC sigma-delta

3.1:ADC DNG SNG BC THANG

(ADC KIU M)
S khi ADC dng song bc thang:
s dng b m nh phn lm thanh ghi v cho
php xung nhp y b m tng mi mt bc,
cho n khi VAX > VA. y gi l ADC sng dng
bc thang, v dng sng ti VAX c tng bc i ln.
Ngi ta cn gi l ADC loi b m.
Cc thnh phn ca DAC dng sng bc thang hnh
5.20 gm: mt b m, mt DAC, mt b so snh
tng t, mt cng NAND 3 ng vo iu khin.
u ra ca b so snh dng lm tn hiu

3.2: ADC LIN TIP XP X (SAC)

SAC s dng thanh ghi

cp u vo.

Logic iu khin sa i ni
dung lu trn thanh ghi theo
tng bit mt cho n khi d
liu thanh ghi bin thnh
gi tr s tng ng vi
u vo tng tVAtrong
phm vi phn gii ca b
chuyn i.

3.2.1:HOT NG CA SAC

3.3:MCH ADC NHANH

3.3.1:BNG S THT
ADC

ViVA<1Vth tt c u ra ca b so snh
u ln mc cao. ViVA>1Vth t mt u
ra tr ln s xung mc thp. u ra ca b
so snh c a vo b m ho u tin tch
cc mc thp, sinh u ra ng vi u ra
c s th t cao nht mc thp ca b so
snh. L lun tng t ta s c c bng gi
tr nh bng 5.4

IV:NG DNG ADC

ADC l mt trong nhngphn t ph bin, c mt trong tt c ccthit

bk thut stip nhn thng tin t cccm binanalog. ADC cng
thng c tch hp vicm bin v t ngay ti u thu, truyn d
liu dng s v khi x l. N m bo s u vit l d liu trung thc,
truyn a d dng v x l thun tin

4.1:LNH VC

o c trong vt l, ha hc, sinh hc, y hc, o lng in,...

m nhc, hnh nh, truyn hnh truyn thng,...

Thng tin lin lc, thit b dn sinh,...

Flash ADC c to ra kh sm, dng cho hin cng m thanh bng

dy LED trong my ht nhc

4.2:CC NHM NG DNG

ADC nhanh, du phy tnh v s bit thp, c 8-12 bit, dng cho bin i
tn hiuvideo,radar,cm bin CCD,...
ADC m thanh, du phy tnh v s bit trung bnh, dng trong thit b m
thanh.
ADC k thut, du phy tnh hoc ng, s bit c 24-32, dng trong thit
b o lng tn hiu, v d ADC 24-bit 2.5 MHzAD7760.
ADC o lng n gin cho ra s BCD vi 3-5 digit khng k du, v d
ICL7135. Mt s chip tch hp vi mch "gii m 7 thanh" hin s bng
LED hay mn hin LCD nhICL7106,ICL7107 Chng c dng trong my
o thng dng, nhMultimeterhin s, c bn ngoi ch Nht To.

4.3:V D : B KHI NG MM
NGUYN L LM VIC:
Khi h nhn c tn hiu "START" t mch
iu khin, mch m nhn xung clock v bt
u m ln, cng lc ny ng raOpAmpsl tn hiuEOC(End-Of-Conversion)
ang mc cao. Theo nhp m ln ca mch
m,DACchuyn i cc s nh phn theo
gi tr ln dn nh dng sng in p VAX
trn hnh v. Tn hiu ny iu khin h thng
khi ng m cho n khiVA= VAXth tn hiu
ng raOp-Amps EOCs v 0 dn n kt
thc qu trnh khi ng m do cng AND 3
ng vo hot ng nh mt kho in t.
R rng, thay v t bin t 0 nVA, tn hiu
in pVAXtng dn theo tng nc nh.
Khong cch gia 2 nc chnh l phn gii
caDAC.

M Phng trn Proteus