LESSON 8

INTEGRATION

Integration
Introduction to Integration
Basic Rules of Integration
Integration by Substitution
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Area Between Two Curves

Antiderivative
A function F is an antiderivative of f on an
interval I if
F ( x) f ( x)
for all x in I.
Ex. F ( x) 3x 2 2 is an antiderivative of
f ( x) 6 x Since F ( x) f ( x).

Theorem
Let G be an antiderivative of f. Every
antiderivative F of f must be of the form
F(x) = G(x) + C, where C is a constant.
Notice
F ( x) 3 x 2 2, G ( x) 3 x 2 5, and H ( x) 3 x 2
are all antiderivatives of f ( x) 6 x.

The process of finding all antiderivatives of a

function is called integration.
The Notation:

f ( x)dx

read the integral of f,

means to find all the antiderivatives of f.

f ( x)dx
Integral sign

Integrand

Indefinite
integral

Basic Rules
Rule (k constant, n 1)

kdx kx C

n 1

x
x dx
C
n 1
n

kf ( x)dx k f ( x)dx

f g dx fdx gdx

Example

5dx 5x C
4

x
x dx
C
4

2 x dx 2 x dx
3

1
dx

xdx

1
dx

Basic Rules

e x dx e x C
1
dx dx ln x C
x

2
3e 2 x 6 dx
x

1
x
2
3 e dx 7 dx 2 x dx 6dx
x
2 3
x
3e 7 ln x x 6 x C
3

Ex. Find the indefinite integral

Differential Equation
A differential equation is an equation that
involves the derivative or differential of an
unknown function. A solution of a
differential equation is any function that
satisfies the equation.

Initial Value
To
find a function F that satisfies the differential equation
Problem
f ( x) g ( x) and one or more initial conditions.

Ex. Find a function f if it is known that:

f ( x) 2 x3 4 x 1 and f (2) 5
f ( x)

f ( x )dx

2 x 3 4 x 1 dx

1 4
x 2x2 x C
2

1 4
5 f (2) 2 2 2 2 2 C
2

1 4
f ( x) x 2 x 2 x 3
2

Gives C = 3

Exercises for Basic Rules of

Integration
9
5
1.

(y

2 y 3 y )dy

4
x
(
1

2
x
)dx
2.

x 2x 1
dx
3.
4
x
5

1
; f (4) 2
4. Find f (x), given f ' ( x)
x

Integration by
Method
of integration related to chain rule
Substitution
differentiation.
Start with g ( f ( x)) f ( x) dx

If u f ( x) we get:

g (u ) du g (u ) C

Ex. Consider the integral: 3 x

5 dx

pick u x3 +5, then du 3 x 2 dx10

10

u du

C
10

Sub to get

Integrate

x3 5
10

Back Substitute

Steps:

Integration by
Substitution

1. Pick u = f (x), often the inside function.

2. Compute du f ( x )dx
3. Substitute to express the integral in terms of u.
4. Integrate the resulting integral.
5. Substitute to get the answer in terms of x.

Ex. Evaluate

x 5 x 2 7 dx

Let u 5 x 7 then du 10 xdx

1 1/ 2
x 5 x 7 dx
u du
10
2

Pick u,
compute du
Sub in

3/ 2

1 u

C
10 3 / 2
5x

7
15

Integrate

3/ 2

Sub in

Ex. Evaluate

dx

x ln x 3

1
Let u ln x then du dx
x

dx

x ln x 3

u 3du
2

C
2
2
ln x

C
2

Exercises for Integration by

Substitution
1.
2.
3.

4.

3
x
(
x

5
)
dx

x
e

2
5x

1
x

20

x 1 dx
3

dx

e
dx
2
x

The Area Problem

The area under the graph of f on the
interval [a, b].
y

y f ( x)
x

Approximating the Area

Under the Graph of a
Use rectangles, each with equal width.
Function
Three techniques:
Left end points

Right end points

y f ( x)

y f ( x)

ba
Width: x
(n rect.)
n

Midpoints

y f ( x)

Example
Approximate the area under the graph of

f ( x) 2 x

on 0, 2

midpoints

using n = 4; midpoints

A x f (m1 ) f (m2 ) f (m3 ) f (m4 )

1 1
3
A f f
2 4
4

5
7
f f
4
4

1 1 9 25 49
21
A
2 8 8 8
8
4

Area Under a Graph

ba
Width: x
n
(n rect.)

y f ( x)

a
b
Idea: To find the exact area under the graph
of a function.
Method: Use an infinite number of rectangles
of equal width and compute their area with a
limit.

Area Under a Graph

y f ( x)

a
b
f continuous, nonnegative on [a, b]. The area, A is
A lim f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) ... f ( xn ) x
n

xn, xn, ,xn are arbitrary, n subintervals each

with width (b - a)/n.

Definite Integral
Let f be defined on [a, b]. If
lim f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) ... f ( xn ) x

exists for all xn, xn, ,xn in the n subintervals each

with width (b - a)/n, then this limit is called the
definite integral of f from a to b and is denoted:

f ( x)dx

b is the upper limit, a is the lower limit.

Geometric Interpretation
If f is nonnegative and continuous on [a, b],
b
then

f ( x)dx

is equal to the area of the region under the

graph of f on [a, b]
y

y f ( x)
x

Integrability of a
Function
Let f be continuous on [a, b]. Then f is integrable on
[a, b]; that is,

f ( x)dx exists.

Geometric Interpretation
y f ( x)
R1
a

f ( x)dx

R3
R2

Area of R1 Area of R2 + Area of R3

Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
Let f be continuous on [a, b]. Then

f ( x)dx F (b) F (a)

where F is any antiderivative of f.

Finding the Area Under a

Curve
Ex. Find the area under the graph of y 2 x3 on 0, 2 .
2

0 2x dx
2

Gives the area since 2x3 is

nonnegative on [0, 2].

1 4
1 4 1 4
2 x dx x
2 0
2 0
2
2
3

Antiderivative

Fund. Thm. of
Calculus

8 sq. units

Evaluating the Definite

Integral
1

Ex. Evaluate 2 x 1 dx
x

5
1
2
2 x 1 dx x ln x x 1
x

2
2
5 ln 5 5 1 ln1 1

28 ln 5 26.39056

Properties of the Definite

Integral
a
1.

2.
3.
4.

5.

a
b

f ( x)dx 0

f ( x)dx f ( x) dx
b
b

cf ( x)dx c f ( x)dx
a

f ( x) g ( x) dx

(c is a constant)
b

f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
a

f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx

a c b

Substitution for Definite

Integrals
Ex.
Evaluate 2 x 3 x 3 x dx

1/ 2

let u x 2 3 x
then du 2 x 3 dx

2 x 3 x 3 x
2

1/ 2

Notice limits
change
4

dx u1/ 2 du
0

2 3/ 2
u
3
0

16

Exercises
Evaluate the given definite integral.
4

1.

1
dx
x

2
2. 3 dx
x
5

1
x
dx
x

ex 1
5.
0 e x dx

1 3 y y dy
2

4.

3.

Average Value of a
Function
If f is integrable on [a, b], then the average value of
f over [a, b] is

1 b
f ( x)dx

ba a

Ex. Find the average value of f ( x ) x 3/ 2 over 0,9 .

1 9 3/ 2
1 2x
x dx

0
90
9 5
5/ 2

2 5/ 2
54

45
5

Exercise for Average Value of a

Function
The temperature (in F ) in Boston over a 12-hr
period on a certain December day was given by

T 0.05t 3 0.4t 2 3.8t 5.6

(0 t 12)

where t is measured in hours, with t = 0 corresponding

to 6 A.M. Determine the average temperature on that
day over the 12-hr period from 6 A.M. to 6 P.M.

Area Between Two Curves

Let f and g be continuous functions, the area bounded
above by y = f (x) and below by y = g(x) on [a, b] is

f ( x) g ( x) dx
b

provided that f ( x) g ( x) on a, b .
y f ( x)

y g ( x)

R
a

Ex. Find the area bounded by the curves

f ( x) x 2 1 and g ( x) x 3
and the vertical lines x = 1 and x = 2.

x 2 1 x 3 dx

2
x
x 2 dx

x
x

2x
3 2
1
3

2 4
3

1 1

2
3 2

15

Exercises for area between

two
curves
Find the
area of the region bounded by
1.

y x 6, y x , x 0 and x 2.
2

1
2. y x , y x, x 9
2