HA PHN TCH C S

Chng 3: PHNG PHP CHUN

ACID-BAZ

GV: Li Th Hin
1

Ni dung chng

C s v nguyn tc ca pp

ng cong chun pH-V

Dung dch m

Chun a axit

3.1. C s v nguyn tc ca pp

Da trn phn ng:

H+ + OH- H2O

Trong qu trnh chun , pH ca dung dch thay

i theo lng thuc th thm vo

V cc axit v baz l nhng hp cht khng mu

nn mun nhn bit im tng ng phi dng
cht ch th.

Cht ch th axit - baz

Cht ch th acid - baz

nh ngha:

Cht ch th axit baz l nhng axit hoc baz yu

Dng axit v dng baz c mu sc khc nhau.

Mu sc ca cht ch th thay i theo pH

V d:

Phenolphtathalein:

Di 8,2

Trn 10,0

Di 4,4

Trn 6,2

Di 3,1

Trn 4,4

Methyl (MR):

Methyl da cam (MO)

V d v ch th

Khong chuyn mu ca cht ch th

HIn H+ + In[H ][I ]
K.[HIn]
K
[H ]
[HIn]
[I ]

pH ca dd quyt nh bi t s [ HIn]

[ In ]

V HIn, In- c mu khc nhau, t s ny quyt nh mu

sc ca dd
Nhn c mu ca HIn khi [HIn] = n[In-] (pH = pK
lgn)
Nhn c mu ca In- khi [In-] = n[HIn] (pH = pK +
lgn)

Khong chuyn mu ca cht ch th

Khong pH gi l khong chuyn mu ca cht ch th

Thng thng n = 10 nn

Dung dch
ch c mu HIn

[HIn] gim
[In-] tng

pH pK 1

Dung dch
ch c mu In-

Khongmu
chuyn
mu
Trong khong chuyn
c mt
gi tr pH ti CCT
chuyn mu r nht. Gi tr gi l ch s chun ca
cht ch th. K hiu l pT

3.2.ng cong chun pH-V

1 Chun acid mnh- baz mnh

2

Chun acid yu- baz mnh

Chun baz yu- acid mnh

ng cong chun pH-V l g?

ng cong chun pH-V

l mt ng cong logarit
biu din s
thay i ca pH (trc tung)
ca dung dch cht nghin
cu vo lng thuc th (%
V hay V) thm vo trong qu
trnh nh phn.
9

3.2.1.Chun n acid mnh bng n baz mnh

Tng qut: Chun HA ( C0, V0) bng BOH (C, V)

lng baz thm vo = lng acid phn ng

CV
(F: L t s mol)
F=
C0 V0
Vi

mi gi tr ca V c mt gi tr ca F tng ng.

F = 0: Cha thm BOH

F = 1: HCl ht, im tng ng
F < 1: trc im tng ng
F > 1: sau im tng ng
10

3.2.1.Chun n acid mnh bng n baz mnh

Ti im tng ng:
[H+] = [OH-]
C0V0
C0V0
CV
CV

OH

V0 V V0 V
V0 V
V0 V

Nhn 2 v vi

CV C0V0
[OH - ] - [H + ]
V0 V

V0 V
C0V0
11

3.2.1.Chun n acid mnh bng n baz mnh

CV C0V0
V V
[OH - ] - [H + ] 0
C0V0
C0V0
F 1 [OH - ] - [H + ]

Chng ta c:

OH

V0 V
C0V0

K H 2O
[H + ]

K H 2O
V0 V
+
F 1
[H ]
+
[H ]
C0V0
Phng trnh ng chun

12

3.2.1.Chun n acid mnh bng baz mnh

Bin

lun:
Khi F = 0, trong dung dch ch c acid mnh (cha thm BOH)
pH = -lgC0
Khi F < 1, trong dung dch [H+] kh ln so vi [OH-] c th b qua
[OH-] cnh [H+], do :

V0 V
F 1 [H ]
C0V0
+

St im tng ng: trong dung dch cn li rt t H+, [OH-] khng

th b qua. Phng trnh chun gi nguyn.

Ti im tng ng:
F = 1 [H+] = [OH-]

13

3.2.1. Chun n acid mnh bng n baz mnh

Sau im tng ng, trong dung dch c [OH-], lng

[H+] khng ng k
V0 V
C0V0
Ch : Ti im tng ng v st im tng ng
C0V0 = CV
F 1 [OH - ]

C0
V V0 C0 C
V

V0
C
V0
C
C0 C
F 1 [OH ] - [H ]
CC0
-

14

3.2.1. Chun n acid mnh bng n baz mnh

V

d: chun 100 ml HCl 0,1N bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N

VNaOH
thm

Cng thc tnh F

pH

0
50
90
99
99,9
99,99
100
100,01
100,1
101
111

0
0,5
0,9
0,99
0,999
0,9999
1
1,0001
1,001
1,01
1,11

pH = -lgC0

1
1,48
2,28
3,30
4,30
6,89
7
7,11
9,7
10,7
11,7

Trc v xa im tng ng

St im tng ng
im tng ng
St im tng ng
Sau v xa im tng ng

15

ng cong chun (ng nh phn)

Chun n acid mnh bng n baz
mnh

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Th tch baz
16

ng cong chun (ng nh phn)

ng chun 50ml dd HCl 0.0005M bng dd NaOH

0.001M (ng mu xm) v 50ml dd HCl 0.05M bng
dd NaOH 0.1M (ng mu vng)
17

Nhn xt

Khi thm NaOH vo, t gi tr t 0 n 99,99 ml, pH ca

dung dch tng rt chm

Trong khong rt hp t 99,99 n 100,01 pH ca dung dch

thay i rt mnh, ng nh phn rt dc, on dc gi
l bc nhy ca ng nh phn.

Vi cng mt loi axit, bc nhy ph thuc vo nng .

Nng axit cng ln th bc nhy cng di v ngc li

V ng nh phn bit c s bin thin ca pH, xc

nh c bc nhy ca ng nh phn, vi mc ch
chn cht ch th cho qu trnh chun

18

Nhn xt

Cht ch th thch hp cho qu trnh chun l

cht ch th c khong i mu nm trong bc
nhy ca ng nh phn.

Ngoi vic v ng nh phn tm cht ch

th chng ta cn c th chn cht ch th bng
cch tnh sai s

19

Sai s cht ch th
Sai s ch th do im cui ca qa trnh chun khng
trng vi im tng ng

S%

CVc C0V0
GD
*100
*100
D
C0V0

S% = (F 1)*100
G: gi tr gn ng
D: gi tr ng
Ti im tng ng v st im tng ng:

S % OH H

C
CCC
0

100
20

Sai s cht ch th
V

d: Tnh sai s ch th mc phi khi chun dung dch

HCl 0,1N bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N nu dng cht ch th c

pT = 5 v pT = 9.
Bi

gii:
Phng trnh chun :
HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O
Ti im tng ng pH = 7
Khi s dng cht ch th c pT = 5 ( [H + ] = 10-5), vic chun
kt thc
trc im tng ng

21

Sai s cht ch th
C C

S % OH H
CC

100 10

0,1 0,1
100 0,02%
2
0,1

Qui c:
Du -: vic chun kt thc trc im tng ng
Du +: vic chun kt thc sau im tng ng
Khi chun vi cht ch th c pT = 9, [H+ ] = 10-9, vic
chun kt thc sau im tng ng:
C0 C
5 0,1 0,1
S % [OH ] [ H ]
*100 10
*100 0, 02%
2
C0C
0,1
-

22

Sai s cht ch th

Mun sai s php chun khng vt qu 0,1%:

S = -0,001 +0,001
Khi S = -0,001, chun kt thc trc im tng ng, S
% = (F 1)*100
pHcui = 4,3

Khi S = + 0,001, chun kt thc sau im tng ng, S

% = (F 1)*100
pHcui = 9,7

Nh vy mun sai s ca php chun thuc khong trn

th pH cui ca php chun phi thuc khong 4,3 n 9,7.
Cht ch th c th s dng c pT thuc khong 4,3 n 9,7.
23

Chun acid mnh, baz mnh

24

3.2.2.Chun axit yu bng baz mnh

V

d: Chun dung dch CH3COOH 0,1N bng dd NaOH

0,1 N

Phn ng chun :
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

Khi cha thm NaOH, dd ch c CH 3COOH, pH ca dd

c tnh theo cng thc:

pH

1
pK a lg Ca
2

Khi thm NaOH, dd tn ti cc cht: CH 3COOH, CH3COO-,

c tnh cht ca h m, pH ca dd tnh theo cng thc:

3.2.2.Chun axit yu bng baz mnh

Ca
pH pK a lg
Cm

Ti im tng ng, dd ch cn CH3COO-, pH

ca dd c tnh theo cng thc:

1
pH ( pK b lg Cb )
2

Sau im tng ng, dd cn CH3COO- v NaOH

d, pH ca dd tnh theo cng thc:
pH = 14 + lg[OH-]

Nhn xt

im tng ng nm
trong mi trng kim (pH >
8)

Bc nhy ca ng
nh phn ngn hn nhiu so
vi khi chun axm bng
bzm

Nng cc cht cng ln

th bc nhy cng di

Cht ch th thch hp l PP

Chun baz yu bng axit mnh

V

d: Chun NH3 bng HCl

Phng trnh phn ng chun :

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

Khi cha cho HCl, dung dch ch c NH3, l mt baz yu, pH

ca dd c tnh theo cng thc:
1
pH 14 pOH 14 pK b lg Cb
2

Trc im tng ng, dd c NH3 d, NH4+, c tnh cht

ca dd m, pH ca dd c tnh theo cng thc:

Cb
pH pK b lg
Cm

Chun baz yu bng axit mnh

Ti im tng ng, dd c NH4+, pH ca dd tnh theo
cng thc:
1
pH pK a lg Ca
2

Sau im tng ng, dd c NH4+, HCl d, pH ca dd:

pH = -lg [H+]

Nhn xt

im tng ng
ti min axit

Cht ch th thch
hp nht cho php
chun ny l MR

3.3. Dung dch m

V d cp axit, baz lin hp ?

Dung dch m ?
nh ngha: dd m l nhng dd c pH thay i
rt t khi thm vo dd axit mnh, baz mnh
hoc pha long dd.
Gii thch?
Lp cng thc tnh pH ca dd m:
Gi s c dd m
HA, nng Ca
NaA, nng Cb

3.3. Dung dch m

Cc cn bng trong dung dch:

HA H+ + AH2O H+ + OHPt hng s Ka:

[ H ].[ A ]
Ka
[ HA]

Pt bo ton khi lng:

[HA] + [A-] = Ca + Cb
[HA] = Ca + Cb [A-]
Pt bo ton in tch:
[Na+] + [H+] = [OH-] + [A-]
[A-] = [H+] + [Na+] - [OH-]
= [H+] + Cb - [OH-]

(1)

(2)

(3)

3.3. Dung dch m

T (1), (2) v (3) c:

Ca [ H ] [OH ]
[H ] Ka .
Cb [ H ] [OH ]

Thng th [H+] v [OH-] Ca v Cb nn:

Ca
[H ] Ka .
Cb

Ca
pH pK a log
Cb

V d: Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau:

CH3COOH 0,1M v CH3COONa 0,1M

CH3COOH 0,3M v CH3COONa 0,1M

NH4Cl 0,1M v NH3 0,1M

NH4Cl 0,1M v NH3 0,3M

3.3. Dung dch m

thy r tc dng m ca dung dch, xt v d:

V d 1: pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M v CH3COONa

0,1M thay i nh th no khi thm vo 1 lt dung dch ny:

10-2 mol HCl

10-2 mol NaOH

Nhn xt: dung dch m c cn bng

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+
Khi thm vo dung dch H+ hoc OH- ???

3.3. Dung dch m

pH ca dung dch m:

Ca
pH pK a log
Cb
= 4,75 - log1
= 4,75

Khi thm 10-2 mol HCl vo dung dch:

HCl H+ + Cl10-2

CH3COO- + H+

Khi cn
bng

0,1 10-2

10-2

10-2

CH3COOH
0,1 + 10-2

0,11
pH pK a log
4,66
0,09

3.3. Dung dch m

Khi thm 10-2 mol NaOH vo dung dch:

NaOH Na+ +
10-2

CH3COOH + OHCn
bng

0,1 10-2

10-2

OH10-2

CH3COO-

H 2O

0,1 10-2

0,09
pH pK a log
4,84
0,11

Kt lun: Khi thm vo 1 lt dung dch m 0,01 mol HCl

hoc NaOH th pH ca dung dch thay i 0,09 n v
Nu thm 0,01 mol HCl hoc NaOH vo 1 lt nc th pH
thay i ntn?

3.3. Dung dch m

V d 2: pH ca dung dch NH4Cl 0,1M v NH3 0,1M

thay i ntn khi thm vo dung dch
10-3 mol HCl
10-3 mol KOH

V d 3: pH ca dung dch NH4Cl 0,2M v NH3 0,2M

thay i ntn khi thm vo dung dch
10-3 mol HCl
10-3 mol KOH

3.4.Chun a axit
V d: Chun H3PO4 bng dd NaOH

Analytical Chemistry

38