European electoral studies

Elections, Universal suffrage

 Elections choosing your

representative
Basic principle of democracies
Important, whats happening between elections

Democracy free, regular and

competitive
Free elections minority of countries
around the world

Alternatives to direct or indirect

election

Usurpation
Succession
Ex offo
Nomination
Competition
Acclamation
Co-optation (co-option)
Plebiscite
Toss (draw)

 Election differs:
Using voting
Group which is choosing

Elections ensure fair access of

citizens to state governing

Rules for elections

Monitoring implementation of rules

Free decision of candidacy
Free competition
Access to information
Universal suffrage
Equal suffrage
Secret ballot
Checking the representatives
Regular elections
Recognition of results

Suffrage
Persons and conditions of voting
Representative democracy
Fulfill other human rights
One person, one vote, one value.

Stein Rokkan
Period before revolutions
Period after revolutions
Masses into politics
Without economic and social restrictions
Universal and equal civil rights

Universal suffrage
Historical differences in men and
women suffrage
International agreements

Equal suffrage
Every vote of equal value

Inequality in district delimitation:

Gerrymandering district boundaries
Malapportionment uneven distribution
of voters

 Secret ballot
Direct elections (voting)