Cu hi

Cu hi 1. Nu khi nim v khu s ca si quang, vit cng thc khu

s ca si a mode chit sut bc (MM-SI) v cng thc khu
s ca si a mode chit sut bin i (MM-GI).
Cu hi 2. Hy gii thch cc qu trnh hp th v pht x nh sng (pht
x t pht v pht x kch thch). Cho bit th no l nh sng
kt hp v nh sng khng kt hp.
Cu hi 3. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l pht quang ca LED cu trc d
th kp. V s v trnh by nguyn l ca mch pht dng
LED vi tn hiu a vo iu ch l tn hiu tng t v tn
hiu s.
Cu hi 4. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l tch sng quang ca photodiode
PIN.
1

Cu hi
Cu hi 1. Nu khi nim v khu s ca si quang, vit cng thc khu
s ca si a mode chit sut bc (MM-SI) v cng thc khu
s ca si a mode chit sut bin i (MM-GI).
Cu hi 2. Hy gii thch cc qu trnh hp th v pht x nh sng (pht
x t pht v pht x kch thch). Cho bit th no l nh sng
kt hp v nh sng khng kt hp.
Cu hi 3. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l pht quang ca LED cu trc d
th kp. V s v trnh by nguyn l ca mch pht dng
LED vi tn hiu a vo iu ch l tn hiu tng t v tn
hiu s.
Cu hi 4. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l tch sng quang ca photodiode
PIN.
2

Cu hi 1. Nu khi nim v khu s ca si quang, vit cng thc

khu s ca si a mode chit sut bc (MM-SI) v cng
thc khu s ca si a mode chit sut bin i (MM-GI).
Trnh by khi nim, gii thch ngha khu s (NA).
+ Khu s NA c xc nh bng sin ca gc nhn nh sng
cc i
+ c trng cho kh nng ghp gia ngun quang v si quang
Cng thc tnh NA ca si a mode chit sut bc (MM-SI) :

NA n 1 n 2
2

Gii thch cc tham s n1, n2

Cng thc tnh NA ca si a mode chit sut bin i (MM-GI) :

NA n r n 2
2

Gii thch cc tham s n(r), n2

Cu hi
Cu hi 1. Nu khi nim v khu s ca si quang, vit cng thc khu
s ca si a mode chit sut bc (MM-SI) v cng thc khu
s ca si a mode chit sut bin i (MM-GI).
Cu hi 2. Hy gii thch cc qu trnh hp th v pht x nh sng (pht
x t pht v pht x kch thch). Cho bit th no l nh sng
kt hp v nh sng khng kt hp.
Cu hi 3. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l pht quang ca LED cu trc d
th kp. V s v trnh by nguyn l ca mch pht dng
LED vi tn hiu a vo iu ch l tn hiu tng t v tn
hiu s.
Cu hi 4. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l tch sng quang ca photodiode
PIN.
4

Cu hi 2. Hy gii thch cc qu trnh hp th v pht x nh sng (pht x t

pht v pht x kch thch). Cho bit th no l nh sng kt hp v
nh sng khng kt hp.
1. Qu trnh hp th nh sng:
2. Qu trnh pht x t pht:
3. Qu trnh pht x kch thch:
4. Gii thch nh sng kt hp, nh sng khng kt hp

Cu hi 2. Hy gii thch cc qu trnh hp th v pht x nh sng (pht x t

pht v pht x kch thch). Cho bit th no l nh sng kt hp v
nh sng khng kt hp.
1. Qu trnh hp th nh sng:
+ V hnh m t qu trnh hp th
E

E2
Nng lng
kch thch

E1
in t
Khi c cha c
kch thch

Qu trnh hp
th

+ Khi c cha c kch thch

+ Khi c kch thch: dng in hoc nh sng): in t mc nng lng thp E1 c
kch thch bi mt ngun nng lng (v d in nng, nhit nng, ) nhy ln mc
nng lng cao hn E2
6

Cu hi 2. Hy gii thch cc qu trnh hp th v pht x nh sng (pht x t

pht v pht x kch thch). Cho bit th no l nh sng kt hp v
nh sng khng kt hp.
2. Qu trnh pht x t pht:
+ V hnh m t qu trnh pht x t pht
E

E2
Nng lng
kch thch

nh sng
pht ra

E1
in t
Khi c cha c
kch thch

Qu trnh
hp
th

Qu trnh pht
x t pht

+ in t mc nng lng cao E2 sau mt thi gian tn ti s nhy v mc nng

lng thp hn E1, pht ra photon nh sng c nng lng bng E2 E1, c pha v
hng ngu nhin
7

Cu hi 2. Hy gii thch cc qu trnh hp th v pht x nh sng (pht x t

pht v pht x kch thch). Cho bit th no l nh sng kt hp v
nh sng khng kt hp.
Qu trnh pht x kch thch:
+ V hnh m t qu trnh pht kch thch
E

E2
Nng lng
kch
thch
E1

nh sng
pht ra

nh
sng
pht ra

in t
Khi c cha c
kch thch

Qu trnh
hp
th

Qu trnh pht
x t pht

Qu trnh pht
x kch thch

+ Photon nh sng kch thch mt in t ang mc nng lng cao E2 lm cho

in t nhy v mc nng lng thp hn E1, pht ra photon nh sng th cp c
cng pha, cng tn s vi nh sng kch thch.
8

Cu hi 2. Hy gii thch cc qu trnh hp th v pht x nh sng (pht x t

pht v pht x kch thch). Cho bit th no l nh sng kt hp v
nh sng khng kt hp.
5. Gii thch nh sng kt hp, nh sng khng kt hp
+ nh sng khng kt hp: trong qu trnh pht x t pht nh sng pht
ra ngu nhin (khng c quan h v pha gia cc photon, v hng pht
x l ngu nhin).
+ nh sng kt hp: trong qu trnh pht x kch thch photon nh sng
th cp pht ra c cng tn s, cng phn cc v hng truyn vi
phng truyn sng.

Cu hi
Cu hi 1. Nu khi nim v khu s ca si quang, vit cng thc khu
s ca si a mode chit sut bc (MM-SI) v cng thc khu
s ca si a mode chit sut bin i (MM-GI).
Cu hi 2. Hy gii thch cc qu trnh hp th v pht x nh sng (pht
x t pht v pht x kch thch). Cho bit th no l nh sng
kt hp v nh sng khng kt hp.
Cu hi 3. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l pht quang ca LED cu trc d
th kp. V s v trnh by nguyn l ca mch pht dng
LED vi tn hiu a vo iu ch l tn hiu tng t v tn
hiu s.
Cu hi 4. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l tch sng quang ca photodiode
PIN.
10

Cu hi 3. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l pht quang ca LED cu trc d th

kp. V s v trnh by nguyn l ca mch pht dng LED vi tn
hiu a vo iu ch l tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s.
3a. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l pht quang ca LED cu trc d th
kp.
- V v ch thch y cu trc ca LED
-

V phn b nng lng v chit sut tng ng vi cu trc LED

M t cu trc d th kp

Trnh by nguyn l hot ng:

+ Khi cha c in p phn cc thun:
+ t in p phn cc thun ln LED:

11

Cu trc d th kp v s phn b nng lng tng ng vi cu trc

ca LED

- M t cu trc d th kp:
Bn cnh vng tip gip, ngi ta
thm 2 lp hoc nhiu lp vt liu
c rng gii cm ln, chn
khng cho cc in t di chuyn
v vng p v l trng di chuyn v
vng n.
Khi , cc in tch ch yu tp
trung vng tip gip (vng hot
tnh/vng in tch khng gian) v
lm cho mt in tch vng
hot tnh tng ln rt cao => o
ln mt => Chng ti hp vi
nhau v pht ra nh sng vi cng
sut ln.

Bn dn
n

Vng in Bn dn
tch
p
khng gian

Cc phn
t a s:
e

Cc phn
t a s:
p

E
Hng
ro d
th

Ec
Hng ro
d th

Ev

Ti hp

Ec
Pht x nh
sng
Ev

Hnh 3.8. Cu trc d th kp v s

phan b nng lng

Cu hi 3. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l pht quang ca LED cu trc d th

kp. V s v trnh by nguyn l ca mch pht dng LED vi tn
hiu a vo iu ch l tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s.
3a. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l pht quang ca LED cu trc d th kp.
- Nguyn l hot ng:
+ Khi cha c in p phn cc thun:
Lp tip gip PN khng c in tch (cc in t v l trng) => khng
c s ti hp => LED khng pht x nh sng.
+ t in p phn cc thun ln LED:
S pht x nh sng ca LED c 3 qu trnh v c m t s
sau:

o ln
mt

Ti hp

Pht x
nh
sng

Hnh 3.11. Nguyn l pht x nh sng ca LED

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 Nguyn l pht x nh sng ca LED

Qu trnh to ra o ln mt nh sau:
Cu to LED theo cu trc d th kp, chnh lch mc nng lng
gia lp p - lp hot cht - lp n rt ln, c gi l hng ro d th.
t mt in th phn cc thun (c chiu dng in hng t lp p
sang lp n). Khi , cc in t t lp n b ko v cc dng v
chuyn di vo vng hot cht, trong khi cc l trng lp p b ko
v cc m v cng chuyn di vo vng hot cht.
Cc in t v l trng chuyn di vo vng hot cht b giam trong
lp hot cht ny do hng ro d th. T to nn o ln mt .

 Nguyn l pht x nh sng ca LED

Ti hp:
Cc in t v l trng b giam trong vng hot cht vi mt rt
cao. Chng ti hp t nhin vi nhau pht ra nh sng t nhin.
Pht x nh sng:
Trn c s ti hp, cc in t v l trng trong lp hot cht pht ra
nh sng t nhin. Qu trnh pht x gi l pht x t nhin.
LED c cu to c bit cc nh sng pht ra hng v mt pha
to iu kin thun li cho vic ghp vi si quang.

3b. V s v trnh by nguyn l ca mch pht dng LED vi tn

hiu a vo iu ch l tn hiu tng t.
V c s mch, ch thch y cc
linh kin trn mch

S dng transistor lng cc,

kt ni vi cc c hoc e vi
in tr hn ch dng.
hiu iu bin a vo cc

LED
mt
Tn
b.

Gii thch chc nng cc phn t: Ra, Rb:

lm nhim v phn p, Re lm nhim v n
nhit
Trnh by nguyn l hot ng:

Vdc
Ra

LED

Rb

Re

Vs
R

+ Transistor lm vic ch khuch i

+ Hot ng ca LED tt, sng theo tn
hiu u vo
V dng sng tn hiu vo, ra theo c tuyn
pht x

16

3c. V s v trnh by nguyn l ca mch pht dng LED vi

tn hiu a vo iu ch l tn hiu s.
V c s mch, ch thch y
cc linh kin trn mch
Gii thch chc nng ca mch tng
tc RC
i vi mch kch thch s dng LED
cho tn hiu s khng cn s dng cc
in tr phn cc cho transistor
lng cc. V tn hiu s, tc sn
xung thay i nhanh nn cn s dng
thm t C tng tc iu bin.
Trnh by nguyn l hot ng:
+ Transistor lm vic ch thng,
tt
+ Khi tn hiu u vo l bit 1
+ Khi tn hiu u vo l bit 0
17

Cu hi
Cu hi 1. Nu khi nim v khu s ca si quang, vit cng thc khu
s ca si a mode chit sut bc (MM-SI) v cng thc khu
s ca si a mode chit sut bin i (MM-GI).
Cu hi 2. Hy gii thch cc qu trnh hp th v pht x nh sng (pht
x t pht v pht x kch thch). Cho bit th no l nh sng
kt hp v nh sng khng kt hp.
Cu hi 3. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l pht quang ca LED cu trc d
th kp. V s v trnh by nguyn l ca mch pht dng
LED vi tn hiu a vo iu ch l tn hiu tng t v tn
hiu s.
Cu hi 4. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l tch sng quang ca photodiode
PIN.
18

Cu hi 4. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l tch sng quang ca photodiode PIN.

-

V v ch thch y cu trc ca PIN

V phn b trng tng ng vi cu trc PIN
M t cu trc d th kp
Trnh by nguyn l hot ng:
+ Khi cha c in p phn cc
+ t in p phn cc ngc ln PIN
+ Khi cha c nh sng chiu vo: trong mch c dng ti
+ Khi c nh sng chiu vo: photon nh sng b hp th to thnh cp in t
- l trn

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Cu hi 4. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l tch sng quang ca photodiode PIN.

- V v ch thch y cu
trc ca PIN
- V phn b trng tng ng
vi cu trc PIN
- M t cu trc d th kp

in cc
vng
nh sng ti

i
n
cc

P+

N+
(a)

Lp chng
phn x
E

(b)

Hnh 4.8. Cu to ca
PIN-Photodiode (a) v
s phn b in
trng theo cc lp (b)

20

Cu to PIN
- Nguyn tc bin i quang-in ca PIN-Photodiode da vo nguyn l bin
i quang-in ca lp tip gip p-n c phn cc ngc. Do , cu to
ca PIN-Photodiode ch yu da trn tip gip p-n gm 2 bn dn loi tt l
P+ v N+.
- Tuy nhin, c th hot ng ti cc bc sng di m ti nh sng
thm nhp su hn vo vt liu bn dn th min in tch khng gian rng
l rt cn thit. thc hin iu , ngi ta thm vo gia tip gip p-n
mt lp mng bn dn yu loi n hay mt lp t dn I (Intrisic).
- Trn b mt ca lp bn dn P+ l mt in cc vng ( gia cho nh
sng thm nhp vo min I). ng thi trn lp bn dn P+ c ph mt lp
mng cht chng phn x trnh tn hao nh sng vo.
- in p phn cc ngc cho photodiode khng c dng in (ch c th
c mt dng ngc rt nh, gi l dng in ti).
21

Nguyn l hot ng ca PIN-Photodiode

+ Khi cha c in p ngoi tc ng

Ti vng tip gip (min I) lc ny s khng cn ht mang in t do,

do cc in t v l trng b gi li trong cc lin kt ng ha tr.
Khi , vng tip gip c gi l vng ngho hoc vng khng c
in t t do.
=> Khng c s chuyn di ca cc in t v l trng => khng c
dng in

22

Nguyn l hot ng ca PIN-Photodiode

+ t in p phn cc ngc ln PIN

Khi mt in th ngoi c a vo tip gip PIN, nu cc dng

ca ngun ni vi bn dn n v cc m ni vi bn dn p th tip
gip khi c phn cc ngc.
Di tc dng ca in p phn cc ngc, rng lp ngho s
m rng ra c hai pha lp p v lp n hay in trng lp tip
gip c tng cng.
in trng tip gip tip tc ngn cn chuyn ng ca cc ht ti
a s nhng li tr thnh in trng thun vi cc ht ti thiu s
khi i qua lp tip gip. Dng ca cc ht ti thiu s to ra c
gi l dng ti.

23

Nguyn l hot ng ca PIN-Photodiode

+ Khi cha c nh sng chiu vo: trong mch c dng ti
+ Khi c nh sng chiu vo:

- Khi cc photon i vo lp P+ c mc nng lng ln hn rng ca

di cm, s sinh ra trong min P+, I, N+ ca PIN-Photodiode cc cp
in t v l trng (ch yu lp I).
- Cc in t v l trng trong min I va c sinh ra b in trng
mnh ht v hai pha (in t v pha N+, l trng v min P+).
- Mt khc, cc in t mi sinh ra trong min P+ khuch tn sang min I
nh gradien mt ti tip gip P+I, ri chy v pha N+ v l trng mi
sinh ra trong min N+ khuch tn sang min I nh gradien mt ti
tip gip N+I, ri chy v pha v min P+.
- Tt c cc phn t ny sinh ra mch ngoi ca PIN-Photodiode mt
dng in v trn ti mt in p.
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