STONE AGE

STONE AGE/ NEOLITHIC PERIOD

INTRODUCTION
First kind of architecture
Found in different areas of the world
Divided in three phases

Fig. 1 - Gobeklitepe, Turkey

Fig. 2 - Ggantija Temple, Malta

FIRST PHASE
Palaeolithic Phase
- Use of wood and bone tools.
- Prehistoric Era well-known by the
development of stone tools.
Fig. 3 - A construction of a bone

Fig. 4 - The leaf-shaped spear heads

SECOND PHASE
Mesolithic Phase
- Characterised by the changes
in stone industries.
- Discovery of Microliths

THIRD PHASE

Fig. 5 - Microliths

Neolithic Phase

Fig. 6 - Microliths

NEOLITHIC ARCHITECTURE AND MATERIALS

- Minimum of architectural styles

Natural caves
Mud-Bricks structures
Megalithic structures
Stone circles
Dolmens
Wattle-and-Daub Dwellings

Fig. 7 - Natural Cave

Fig. 8 - Taos Pueblo, US

Fig. 9 - The Kermario Dolmen, Carnac

Fig. 10 - Stonehenge at Winter Solstice, Wiltshire, England

Fig. 11 - Derreentaggart Stone

Circle, Beara Peninsula, Ireland

Fig. 12 - Pentre Ifan Dolmen

near Newport, Wales

Fig. 13 - Wattle and mud

thatched house

NEOLITHIC ARCHITECTURE AND MATERIALS

- Construction Materials
Thick timber
Clay
Posts
Stone
Reeds
Tree trunks

TIMBER

Fig. 14 - Joinery used to connect the

boards and beams

POSTS

Fig. 15 - Ggantija Temple, Malta

STONE WALLS

Fig. 16 - Skara Brae Neolithic village, Orkney

TREE TRUNKS

Fig. 17 - Early Neolithic rectangular house

ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 1 - Rollmops, (2013). Gobeklitepe. [image] Available at: https://tragicocomedia.com/2013/11/11/gobekli-tepethe-origins-of-civilisation/ [Accessed 12 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 2 - Gass, B. (n.d.). Ggantija Temple - Malta. [image] Available at: http://www.sacreddestinations.com/malta/ggantija-temples/photos/cc-boris-gass [Accessed 13 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 3 - Balak, L. (2013). A construction of a bone. [image] Available at: http://www.anthropark.wz.cz/middle.htm
[Accessed 12 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 4 - Balak, L. (2013). The leaf-shaped spear heads from Germany. [image] Available at:
http://www.anthropark.wz.cz/middle.htm [Accessed 12 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 5 - Allen, D., Gould, S., Johnson, L., King, J., Stone, P. and Elliot, S. (2015). Microliths. [image] Available at:
https://hampshirearchaeology.wordpress.com/tag/microliths/ [Accessed 13 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 6 - Allen, D., Gould, S., Johnson, L., King, J., Stone, P. and Elliot, S. (2015). Microliths. [image] Available at:
https://hampshirearchaeology.wordpress.com/tag/microliths/ [Accessed 13 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 7 - MPHolidays, (n.d.). Rock Painting Cave - external view. [image] Available at:
http://www.mpholidays.com/bhimbetka.html [Accessed 12 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 8 - Towns, B. (2016). Taos Pueblo, US. [image] Available at:
http://artisanhistory.blogspot.co.uk/2016/09/reading-for-sept-6th-neolithic.html [Accessed 12 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 9 - Cartwright, M. (2014). The Kermario Dolmen at Carnac. [image] Available at:
http://www.ancient.eu/image/2896/ [Accessed 12 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 10 - Panchenko, M. (2015). Stonehenge at Winter Solstice. [image] Available at:
http://www.space.com/31431-winter-solstice.html [Accessed 14 Oct. 2016].

Fig. 11 - Lucas, P. (n.d.). Derreentaggart Stone Circle, Beara Peninsula, Ireland. [image] Available at:
https://www2.stetson.edu/neolithic-studies/stone-circles/derreentaggart-stone-circle-beara-peninsula-ireland/
[Accessed 12 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 12 - Lucas, P. (n.d.). Pentre Ifan Dolmen near Newport, Wales. [image] Available at:
https://www2.stetson.edu/neolithic-studies/simple-dolmens/pentre-ifan-dolmen-near-newport-wales/ [Accessed
13 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 13 - Honey, A. (2011). Wattle and mud thatched house on the crannog. [image] Available at:
http://anorchardistquilting.blogspot.co.uk/2011/08/4-nights-in-ireland.html [Accessed 12 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 14 - Landesamt, C. (2014). Joinery used to connect the wells boards and beams. [image] Available at:
http://www.archaeology.org/issues/152-1411/features/2591-germany-recreating-neolithic-toolkit#art_page3
[Accessed 11 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 15 - Gass, B. (n.d.). Ggantija Temple - Malta. [image] Available at: http://www.sacreddestinations.com/malta/ggantija-temples/photos/cc-boris-gass [Accessed 13 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 16 - Mansell, F. (2014). Skara Brae Neolithic village, Orkney. [image] Available at:
http://www.merchantandmakers.com/history-of-dry-stone-walls/ [Accessed 11 Oct. 2016].
Fig. 17 - http://www.ballynagarrick.net/historicireland/HI300.htm, (n.d.). Early Neolithic rectangular house. [image]
Available at: http://www.ballynagarrick.net/historicireland/HI300.htm [Accessed 13 Oct. 2016].

REFERENCE LIST
Touropia. (2016). 10 Amazing Mud Brick Buildings. [online] Available at:
http://www.touropia.com/amazing-mud-brick-buildings/ [Accessed 13 Oct. 2016].
Alchin, L. (2015). Neolithic Architecture. [online] Ancientfortresses.org. Available at:
http://www.ancientfortresses.org/neolithic-architecture.htm [Accessed 12 Oct. 2016].
Balak, L. (2013). The Middle Palaeolithic and Lower Palaeolithic. [online] Anthropark.wz.cz.
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Bialowarczuk, M. (2010). EARLY NEOLITHIC WALL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES IN THE LIGHT OF
ETHNOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MODERN SYRIAN VILLAGE OF
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Fhw.gr. (n.d.). Neolithic Architecture. [online] Available at:
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Rollmops, (2013). Gobekli Tepe & the Origins of Civilization. [online] Tragicocomedia. Available at:
https://tragicocomedia.com/2013/11/11/gobekli-tepe-the-origins-of-civilisation/ [Accessed 12 Oct.

Tegel, W., Elburg, R., Hakelberg, D., Stuble, H. and Bntgen, U. (2012). Early Neolithic Water Wells
Reveal the World's Oldest Wood Architecture. PLoS ONE, [online] 7(12), p.e51374. Available at:
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0051374 [Accessed 14 Oct. 2016].
Winter, L. and Grigsby, P. (2015). A SUMMARY OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF PROTOTYPE HOUSE 851.
1st ed. [ebook] pp.1-4. Available at: http://www.ancienttechnologycentre.co.uk/A%20Summary
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