Simultaneous Heat and Mass

Transfer Operations
TOPIC :
DRYERS
PRESENTED TO :
RESPECTED ENGR. SALMAN NAZIR

Presented By
Hafiz Ali Ahmed
Hassan Ali
Fahim Tariq
Muhammad Ahmed

Topics To Discuss
What are Dryers
What are the applications of Dryers
Types of Dryers
Dryers in Detail

DRYING

Mass transfer process involving removal of

moisture from a solvent by evaporation from a
solid, semisolid or a liquid, final product must be
a solid.

Purpose of Drying
TO REDUCE COST OF TRANSPORT.

TO MAKE MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR

HANDLING. SOAPS, FERTILIZER.

TO PROVIDE DEFINITE PROPERTIES

(FREE FLOWING NATURE OF SALT)

Types Of Dryers

Flash Dryer
Freeze Dryer
Paddle dryer
Steam Tube dryer

Flash Dryer

Working

The heart of a flash drying system is a vertical duct,

or flash tube, in which the drying process takes
place. A fan forces drying gas (frequently air,
occasionally an inert gas such as nitrogen) through a
heater and upwards through the flash tube. The feed
enters into the drying-gas stream, which instantly
suspends it and carries it to the collection
equipment, usually a cyclone or a bag collector.

Working

Proper dispersion of the wet feed material into the

drying gas is crucial. Most commonly a venturi
section is incorporated in the flash tube, and the feed
is introduced in the venturi throat where the high gas
velocity will assist in dispersing the solid in the gas
stream. For fine, free-flowing powders a metering
device, such as a screw feeder, is adequate.

Heating Media
For heating of the drying air, direct-fired gas heaters
or steam heat exchangers are commonly used, but
indirect-fired heaters can be incorporated, if
required

Applications
Food stuff
Waste by-products
Ores
Clays
Industrial sludge
Mineral sand
Effluents etc

Freeze dryer

Freeze drying
Introduction

FREEZE-DRYING IS A DEHYDRATION PROCESS TYPICALLY USED

TO PRESERVE A PERISHABLE MATERIAL OR MAKE THE MATERIAL

MORE CONVENIENT FOR TRANSPORT.
FREEZE-DRYING WORKS BY FREEZING THE MATERIAL AND
THEN REDUCING THE SURROUNDING PRESSURE AND ADDING
ENOUGH HEAT TO ALLOW THE FROZEN WATER IN THE
MATERIAL TO SUBLIME DIRECTLY FROM THE SOLID PHASE TO
THE GAS PHASE.

Freeze drying
IN THIS PROCESS, THE MATERIAL IS FIRST FROZEN AND THEN
DRIED BY SUBLIMATION IN A VERY HIGH VACUUM.
DURING THE SUBLIMATION OF THE ICE,
A DRY SURFACE LAYER IS LEFT, THOUGH THIS IS NOT FREE TO
MOVE BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN FROZEN.

Freeze Drying
HOW FREEZE DRYING IS USEFULL
With normal vacuum drying of biological
solutions containing dissolved salts, a high
local salt concentration is formed at the
skin , although With freeze drying this does not
occur because of the freezing of the solid .
Thus , freeze drying is useful not only as a
method of working at low temperatures, but
also as a method of avoiding surface hardening.

Freeze Drying
ROLE OF HEAT
The rate of heat should be such that the highest
possible water vapour pressure is obtained at the ice
surface with out danger of melting the material.
During this stage ,over 95% of water present should
be removed in order to complete the drying.
Heat has to b supplied to the material to provide the
heat of sublimation.

Freeze Drying
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Heat is supplied either by conduction, or by radiation
from hot platens which interleave with trays
containing the product , and the sublimed moisture
condenses on to a refrigerated coil at the far end of the
drying chamber. The use of dielectric-heating has been
Investigated , though uneven loading of the trays can
lead to scorching, and ionization of the residual gases
in the dryer results in browning of the food.

Freeze drying

Paddle dryer

Special features
Suitable for processing entire range of feeds, except
liquids
- Product, granular, powdery
- Very high evaporation capacity
- Very high thermal efficiency
- Partial drying possible
- Continuous operation
- Compact installation

Operating Principle
The wet feed is continuously agitated by the heated
rotating blades, thus exposing new areas to heating
surfaces. This results in the moisture boiling off and
rendering the wet material dry to the required
degree.

Paddle dryer

Typical applications
Crystaline Solids
Pasty Solids
Sludge
Agro Waste
Magnesium Carbonate
Polypropylene Beads

Steam Tube Rotary Dryer

Features
Continuous drying
Dry materials on large scale 1ton/h or greater
Co-current or counter current working
Direct or indirect heating of feed
Material is Passage through heated air
Minimum air leakage

Features
Effective in handling granular, free flowing solids.
- Surface as well as bound moisture can be removed.
- Very uniform drying/cooling action.
- High thermal efficiency
- High evaporation rates
- Continuous operation
- Compact installation

Working principle
The wet feed which has free flowing granular form is
made to work over the rotating bundle of heated
tubes. Due to radiation and conduction effects,the
moisture is evaporated and the product becomes
progressively dry as it travels across the dryer and
reaches final moisture level at the dischargepoint.
Due to effective turbulence the solids are dried
uniformly.

Steam Tube Rotary Dryer

SERIES OF STEAM TUBES FITTED ALONG SHELL IN

CONCENTRIC CIRCLES AND ROTATES WITH SHELL.

THE SOLIDS PAS THROUGH INCLINED SHELL SIDE AND
LEAVES AT OTHER END OF SHEL.
SMALL OMOUNT OF AIR IS PASSED THROUGH DRIER TO
CARRY AWAY MOISTURE.

Typical applications
Maize Germ
Agro Waste
Husk
Fiber
Salt Crystals
Seeds
Fish Meal
Gluten Meal
Saw Dust
Wood Chips