Chapter 1 Understanding The Classification of Microorganisms

Topic 1 Microorganisms And
Their Effects On Living Things
1.1 Understanding the classification

of microorganisms
ITeach Science Form 5
Topic 1 Microorganisms and Their Effects On Living Things
Understanding The Classification Of Microorganisms

Understanding the classification of microorganisms
A microorganism is an organism that is microscopic and is invisible to the naked eye.
Microorganisms are classified based on their
Size
Structure
Method of Nutrition
Autotrophic
: Make own food ( Contain chloroplast to synthesis

own food through photosynthesis)
Parasitic
: Feed on the cells of other living things
Saprophytic
: Feed on dead organisms
Habitat
Method of reproduction
Topik 1 Mikroorganisma dan Kesannya ke atas Hidupan
Memahami Pengelasan Mikroorganisma

Mikroorganisma ialah organisma seni yang tidak dapat dilihat dengan mata kasar
kecuali menggunakan mikroskop.
Mikroorganisma dikelaskan kepada 5 jenis/kelas/kumpulan mengikut
Saiz
Rupa bentuk
Nutrisi (cara pemakanan)
Autotrofit
: Membuat makanan sendiri ( Mmpunyai kloroplast yang

mensintesiskan makanan melalui proses fotosintesis)
Parasit
Saprofit
: Menyerap makanan dari benda hidup
Habitat
Cara pembiakan
ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5
: Menyerap makanan dari benda yang reput (organisma yang

telah mati)

Classification of microorganisms
Fungi
Classification of
microorganisms
Algae
Virus
Protozoa
Bacteria

Pengelasan Mikroorganisma
Fungi
Pengelasan
Mikroorganisma
Alga
Virus
Protozoa
Bakteria
Bacteria
Glycogen granules
Nucleus material (DNA)
Flagellum
Capsule
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Bakteria
Granul glikogen
Bahan nukleus (DNA)
Flagelum
Kapsul / Lapisan
mukus
Dinding sel
Sitoplasma
Shapes of bacteria
Spiral
Comma
Spherical
Rod
Memahami Pengelasan Bakteria
Rupa Bentuk Bakteria
Berpilin
Koma
Sfera
Rod

Characteristics of bacteria
Unicell
Size : 0.5 m 10 m
Method of reproduction : Binary fission
Shapes : Spherical, rod, spiral, comma
Habitat : Wet places, soil, air, plants and animals
Structure : Capsule, cytoplasm, flagella, cell wall, nucleoid, ribosomes.
Nutrition : Parasites, saprophytes, autotrophic
When condition unsuitable, some bacteria formed spore
Past Year Question

Ciri-Ciri Bakteria
Organisma unisel (satu sel)
Saiz : 0.5 m 10 m
Cara pembiakan : Belahan dedua
Rupa bentuk : Sfera, rod, berpilin, koma
Habitat : Tempat lembap, udara, air, tanah, tumbuhan dan haiwan
Struktur :Kapsul, sitoplasma, flagelum, dinding sel, bahan nukleus
Cara pemakanan : Parasit, saprofit, autotrofit
Dalam keadaan tidak sesuai, bakteria membentuk spora

Reproduction Of Bacteria By Binary Fission
Bacteria cell grows
Genetic material in
nucleus is copied
Two identical cell pulls apart

Genetic material pull

apart
Cell pinches off
Topik 1 Mikroorganisma dan Kesannya ke Atas Hidupan
Memahami Pengelasan Bakteria

Pembiakan Bakteria Melalui Belahan Dedua
Sel bakteria membesar
Bahan genetik dalam

Nukleus disalin
Dua anak sel terbentuk

Bahan genetik mengganda
Sel membahagi ditengah
Fungi
Cell wall (Chitin)
Sporangium
Spores
Bread
Nucleus
Buds
Cell
membrane
Vacuole
Mycelium
Cytoplasm
Glycogen granule
Yeast
Hypha
Mucor
Past Year Question
Kulat
Dinding sel (Kitin)
Sporangium
Spora
Roti
Nukleus
Tunas
Membran sel
Vakuol
Miselium
Sitoplasma
Granul glikogen
Yis
Hifa
Mukor
Characteristics of fungi
Unicell yeast
Multicell mucor
Size : 10 m 100 m
Method of reproduction : Spores(mucor) and budding (yeast)
Habitat : Wet and dark places
Nutrition : Saprophytism, parasitism
Ciri-Ciri Kulat
Organisma unisel yis
Organisma multisel mukor
Saiz : 10 m 100 m
Cara pembiakan : Pembentukan spora(mukor) dan pertunasan (yis)
Habitat : Tempat gelap dan lembap
Cara pemakanan: Saprofit, parasit
Protozoa
Pseudopodium
Micronucleus
Nucleus
Food
vacuole
Oral
groove
Endoplasm
Plasma
membrane
Contractile
vacuole
Ectoplasm
Food vacuole
Macronucleus
Cilia
Contractile
vacuole
Protozoa
Pseudopodium
Mikronukleus
Nukleus
Vakuol makanan
Vakuol
makanan
Oral
groove
Endoplasma
Makronukleus
Silia
Membran sel
Vakuol mengecut
Ektoplasma
Vakuol mengecut
Characteristics of protozoa
Unicell
Size : 5 m 250 m
Method of reproduction : Binary fission (amoeba) and
conjugation (paramecium)
Shapes : spherical, oval, round, spindle-shaped and irregular
Habitat : water and soil
Nutrition : Parasites, saprophytes, autotrophic
Ciri-Ciri Protozoa
Organisma unisel
Saiz : 5 m 250 m
Cara pembialan
: Belahan dedua (amoeba) dan

pengkonjugatan (paramecium)
Rupa bentuk : sfera, bujur, bulat, bentuk berbeza-beza

Habitat : air dan tanah
Cara pemakanan : Parasit, sapropfit, autotrofit

Virus
Tadpole shape
Bacteriophage
Rod shape
Tobacco mosaic
Spherical shape
Poliomyelietis
Spherical shape
AIDS

Virus
Bentuk berudu
Bakteriofaj lambda
Bentuk heliks
Virus mozek tembakau
Bentuk sfera
Poliomielitis
Bentuk sfera
AIDS
Characteristics of virus
Smallest microorganisms
Size : 0.02 m 0.4 m
Method of reproduction : Reproduce in living cell so called as a host
Shapes : Spherical,rod and tadpole
Habitat : Living cells
Nutrition : Parasites
Ciri-Ciri Virus
Mikroorganisma yang paling kecil
Saiz : 0.02 m 0.4 m
Cara pembiakan : Replikasi (membiak dalam sel hidup sebagai
perumah)
Bentuk : Rod, berudu dan sfera
Habitat : Sel hidup
Cara pemakanan : Parasit

How a virus reproduces in a host cell
Stage 1
A virus attached itself to a host
cell such as a bacterial cell and
injects its genetic material (DNA) into
the host cell.
Stage 3
New viruses are formed.
Stage 2
The genetic material of the virus
uses the material in the host cell
to reproduce.
Stage 4
The new viruses burst the host
cell and release themselves. The
burst host cell dies.

Bagaimana virus membiak dalam sel hidup?
Peringkat 1
Virus mendarat di atas perumah
seperti sel bakteria dan memasukkan
bahan genetik (DNA) ke dalam sel
perumah
Peringkat 3
Virus baru terbentuk.
Peringkat 2
Bahan genetik virus menggunakan bahan
di dalam sel perumah untuk membiak
Peringkat 4
Virus baru memecahkan sel perumah dan
keluar dari sel perumah. Sel perumah
yang telah pecah mati.

Algae
Round shape
Chlamydomonas
Filamentous shape
Spirogyra
Oval shape
Phytoplankton
Round shape
Pleurococcus

Alga
Bentuk bulat
Klamidomonas
Bentuk berfilamen
Spirogira
Bentuk bujur
Pitoplankton
Bentuk bulat
Pleurokokus
Characteristics of algae
Simple aquatic plants that make their own food through photosynthesis
Size : 1 m 10 000 m
Method of reproduction : Binary fission, spores formation,
fragmentation and conjugation
Shapes : Round, filamentous, oval.
Habitat : Fresh water, wet soil and trees.
Nutrition : Autotrophic
Past Year Question

Ciri-Ciri Alga
Tumbuhan akuatik yang mempunyai klorofil untuk membuat makanan
melalui proses fotosintesis
Saiz : 1 m 10 000 m
Cara pembiakan : Belahan dedua, pembentukan spora, dan
pengkonjugatan
Bentuk : Bulat, berfilamen, bujur
Habitat : Kawasan lembap, berair dan bercahaya
Cara pemakanan : Autotrofit

Summary of the characteristics of microorganisms
Size
Habitat
Reproduction Binary fission
Conjugation
Spores
Nutrition
Fragmentation
Budding
Living cells
Autotrophic
Parasitic
Saprophytic
Algae
Protozoa
Fungi
Bacteria
1m
10000m
Fresh water
tree
damp soil
5m250m
10m100m
Water
soil
wet/dark
places
0.5m
10m
soil, air
plant
animal
Virus
0.02m0.4m
Living
cells

Ringkasan Ciri-ciri Mikroorganisma
Alga
1m
10000m
Air
Pokok
Tanah
Saiz
Habitat
Pembiakan Belahan dedua
Pengkonjugatan
Spora
Nutrition
Penyerpihan
Pertunasan
Sel hidup
Autotrofit
Parasit
Saprofit
Protozoa
Kulat
Bakteria
Virus
5m250m
10m100m
Tempat
lembap/
gelap
0.5m
10m
tanah
tumbuhan
haiwan
0.02m0.4m
Air
Tanah
Sel hidup

1.2 Synthesising ideas about the factors that affect the

growth of microorganisms
Synthesising Ideas About The Factors That Affect The Growth Of Microorganisms
Factors that affect the growth of microorganisms

Live in wet places with
relative humidity of the
air of between 25% to 40%
Dry condition can kill the
microorganisms
Some bacteria forms spores
in dry condition
Humidity
Grow rapidly with

pH value 7
Too high or too low
pH value can kill
the microorganisms
Nutrients
Nutrients such
as starch,
amino acid, fats,
glucose
provide energy
for growth
Most bacteria grow

fast in dark places
Some algae need light
for photosynthesis
Ultraviolet ray can kill
bacteria
Factors that affect

the growth of
microorganisms
pH value
of the
surroundings
Temperature
Light
- Grow rapidly between

the temperature
range of 20oC to 45oC
- High temperature can
kill microorganisms
Past Year Question
Mensintesiskan Idea Tentang Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Aktiviti Mikroorganisma
Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Aktiviti Mikroorganisma

Tinggal di tempat lembap
dengan kelembapan udara
antara 25% hingga 40%
Keadaan kering boleh
membunuh mikroorganisma
Terdapat bakteria yang
menghasilkan spora
dalam keadaan kering.
Kelembapan
Membiak dengan
aktif pada pH 7
Ph terlalu tinggi
atau terlalu rendah
boleh membunuh
mikroorganisma
Nutrien
Nutrien seperti
kanji, asid amino,
lemak dan
glukosa
memberikan
tenaga untuk
pertumbuhan
Bakteria membiak aktif

di tempat gelap
Alga memerlukan
cahaya untuk
fotosintesis
Sinar ultraviolet boleh
membunuh bakteria
Faktor yang
Mempengaruhi
Aktiviti Bakteria
Cahaya
-
Suhu
Nilai pH
Membiak dengan
aktif pada suhu 20oC
higga 45oC
Suhu yang tinggi
boleh membunuh
mikroorganisma
Synthesising Ideas About The Factors That Affect The Growth Of Microorganisms
Experiment to study the factor of pH that affects the growth of microorganisms
Hypothesis: The growth of microorganisms is affected by pH

Variables:
Manipulated
: pH
Responding
: The growth of microorganisms
Fixed
: Temperature, humidity, the amount of nutrients, light intensity
Material
: Nutrient broth, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide,

distill water, culture of bacteria
: Test tube, labelling paper, dropper, 10 ml measuring cylinder,
test tube rack, glass rod
:
Apparatus
Method
Tabulation:
Appearance of
Appearance of
nutrient at beginning nutrient after 3 days
Clear
Clear
Test Tube
pH condition
Acid
Alkaline
Clear
Clear
Neutral
Clear
Cloudy
Conclusion: The growth of microorganisms is affected by pH.

Hypothesis is accepted
Topik 1 Mikroorganimsa dan Kesannya ke Atas Hidupan
Mensintesiskan Idea Tentang Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pertumbuhan Mikroorganisma
Eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan pH pada pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
Hipotesis: Pertumbuhan mikroorganisma dipengaruhi pH

Pemboleh ubah:
Dimanipulasikan : pH
Bergerak balas
: Pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
Tetap
: Suhu, kelembapan, jumlah nutrien, keamatan cahaya
Bahan
: agar nutrien, asid hidroklorik, natrium hidroksida, air suling,

kultur bakteria.
: Tabung uji, kertas berlabel, penitis, silinder penyukat 10 m/,
rak tabung uji, rod kaca.
:
Radas
Kaedah
Data:
Asid
Keadaan nutrien di
awal eksperimen
Bersih
Keadaan nutrien
selepas 3 hari
Bersih
Alkali
Bersih
Bersih
Neutral
Bersih
Keruh
Tabung uji
pH
Kesimpulan: Pertumbuhan mikroorganisma dipengaruhi pH.

Hipotesis diterima.

1.3 Applying knowledge about

useful microorganisms
Applying Knowledge About Useful Microorganisms

Useful microorganisms
Some types of microorganisms help to keep us alive and in good health
Some types of microorganisms are needed in certain industry process
Food digestion
Useful
microorganisms
are needed in
Medicine
Industry
Decomposition and
recycling of materials
Agriculture
Topik1 Mikroorganisma dan Kesannya ke Atas Hidupan
Mengaplikasikan Pengetahuan Tentang Mikroorganisma

Yang Berfaedah
Mikroorganisma Berfaedah
Sesetangah mikroorganisma membantu hidupan untuk terus hidup sihat.
Sesetangah mikroorganisma diperlukan dalam industri yang tertentu.
Pencernaan makanan
Mikroorganisma
Berfaedah
Perubatan
Industri
Penguraian dan kitar

semula bahan
Pertanian

Examples of useful microorganisms in food digestion
Useful bacteria in
human intestine
makes vitamin B
and vitamin K.
Example 3
Protozoa in the
digestive system
of termite
Example 1
Example 2
Examples of useful
microorganisms in
food digestion
Bacteria and
protozoa in
the digestive
system of
herbivore
produce
cellulase
enzyme
Breaks down cellulose
(grass) into glucose
produce
enzyme
Helps digestion
Past Year Question

Yang Berfaedah
Contoh Mikroorganisma Yang Berfaedah Dalam Pencernaan Makanan
Bakteria dalam
usus manusia
menghasilkan
vitamin B
dan vitamin K.
Contoh 3
Protozoa dalam
sistem
pencernaan
anai-anai
Menghasilkan
enzim
Membantu pencernaan
Contoh 1
Contoh 2
Contoh mikroorganisma
yang berfaedah dalam
pencernaan makanan
Bakteria dan
protozoa
dalam sistem
pencernaan
herbivor
Menghasilkan
enzim selulase
Mencernakan selulosa
(rumput) kepada glukosa

Examples of useful microorganisms in
decomposition and recycling of materials
Complex organic
matter of dead
organisms
Example 1
Bacteria/fungi
releases enzymes
and break it into
Simpler substances
Simpler substances
return to soil and
recycle in the
environment like
carbon cycle and
nitrogen cycle
Example 2
Examples of
in decomposition
and
recycling
of materials
Harmful raw
sewage
Decomposer
bacteria breaks
it into
sludge
Decomposer
bacteria converts
it into
Carbon dioxide,
hydrogen,
metane, water, minerals

Yang Berfaedah
Contoh Mikroorganisma Yang Berfaedah Dalam
Penguraian Dan Kitar Semula Bahan
Bahan organik
dalam
organisma mati
Bakteria/kulat
menghasilkan
enzim dan
mencernakan
organisma mati
Bahan yang lebih ringkas
Bahan yang lebih ringkas

terbebas dan kembali ke
persekitaran seperti dalam
kitar karbon dan kitar
nitrogen
Contoh 1
Contoh 2
penguraian dan
kitar semula bahan
Bahan kumbahan
merbahaya
Bekteria
menguraikannya
kepada
mendapan
Bakteria pengurai
menukarkannya
kepada
Karbon dioksida,
hidrogen,
metana, air, mineral

Examples of useful microorganisms in medicine
Certain bacteria and fungus are widely used to produced medicine, enzymes,
vaccine and health supplements
Antibiotics such
as penicillin and
insulin
Example 1
Example 2
Are produced
by fungus
To kill bacteria caused
by various diseases
Examples of
in medicine
Example 3
Enzymes
Are produced
by bacteria
and fungi
Vaccine
Are produced by
weakened harmful
microorganisms
To prevent someone
from contracting diseases
like tuberculosis,
poliomyelitis, tetanus.
To be used for
medical diagnosis
and treatment
Topik1 Mikroorganisma dan Kesannya ke Atas Hidupan

Yang Berfaedah
Contoh Mikroorganisma Yang Berfaedah Dalam Perubatan
Terdapat bakteria dan kulat yang digunakan secara meluas untuk menghasilkan
ubat, enzim, vaksin dan makanan tambahan kesihatan.
Antibiotik seperti
penicillin dan
insulin
Contoh 1
Contoh 2
Dihasilkan oleh
kulat
Untuk membunuh bekteria
yang menyebabkan
penyakit
perubatan
Contoh 3
Enzim
Dihasilkan oleh
bakteria dan
kulat
Vaksin
Dihasilkan dengan
melemahkan
mikroorganisma
yang merbahaya
Untuk menghalang
daripada terkena
jangkitan penyakit
berjangkit seperti tetanus.
Digunakan untuk
diagnosis penyakit
dan rawatan penyakit

Examples of useful microorganisms in agriculture
Denitrifying
bacteria
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Fixing
Bacteria
Plants need nitrogen to make

proteins for growth but they
cannot use nitrogen
directly from the air.
How do plants
obtain nitrogen?
Nitrifying bacteria
Nitrate in
the soil
Nitrite
Nitrifying
bacteria
Absorbed
by roots
Plant
Animal
Eaten by
Dead
Dead
Ammonium
compound
Putrefying bacteria

Yang Berfaedah
Contoh Mikroorganisma Yang Berfaedah Dalam Pertanian
Nitrogen
Bakteria
penitritan
Bakteria
pengikat
Nitrogen
Nitrat dalam tanah
Bakteria penitritan
Tumbuhan memerlukan nitrogen

untuk membuat protein
tetapi tumbuhan tidak boleh
menggunakan nitrogen secara
terus di udara. Bagaimana
tumbuhan mendapatkan nitrogen?
Nitrit
Bakteria
penitritan
Diserap
oleh akar
Tumbuhan
Haiwan
Dimakan oleh
Mati
Mati
Sebatian
Ammonium
Bakteria pengurai

Examples of useful microorganisms in industry
Yeast is added to
dough. Sugar is
decomposed and
carbon dioxide is
released.
The added bacteria oxidises

ethanol to produce
Making
bread
Making
vinegar
ethanoic
acid (vinegar)
Examples of useful
microorganisms in
industry
dough
rise up
Making
yoghurt
The added bacteria into

raw milk produces lactic
acid. Milk becomes sour
and curdled.
Yoghurt
Past Year Question

Yang Berfaedah
Contoh Mikroorganisma Yang Berfaedah Dalam Industri
Yis menguraikan
gula dan
menghasilkan
karbon dioksida
yang menaikkan
adunan roti
Bakteria mengoksidakan etanol

untuk menghasilkan
Membuat roti
Membuat cuka
industri
Roti menjadi
lembut
Membuat
yogurt
Bakteria laktobacillus
menghasilkan asid
laktik. Susu menjadi
masam
Asid
etanoik (cuka)
Yogurt

1.4 Analysing the harmful effects

of microorganisms
Analysing The Harmful Effects Of Microorganisms

Harmful microorganisms
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases.
Produce toxic
chemicals that kill
their host cells.
Fungi
Produce enzymes
that decompose
tissues of the
host cell.
Bacteria
Virus
Classification of
patogens and how
they attack
host cell
Enter and
destroy host
cells.
Protozoa
Produce toxic
chemicals that kill
their host cells.
Menganalisis Kesan Berbahaya Mikroorganisma

Mikroorganisma Berbahaya
Patogen adalah mikroorganisma yang menyebabkan penyakit.
Menghasilkan bahan
kimia toksik yang
membunuh sel
perumahnya.
Kulat
Menghasilkan enzim
yang menguraikan
tisu sel perumah.
Bakteria
Virus
Pengelasan patogen
dan bagaimana
patogen
menyerang
sel perumah
Masuk dan
musnahkan
sel perumah
Protozoa
Menghasilkan
bahan kimia toksik
yang membunuh
sel perumah.

Diseases caused by bacteria
Disease
Cholera
Pneumonia
Gonorrhoea
Tuberculosis
(TB)
Syphilis
Symptoms
Transmission
Vomit
muscle cramps
diarrhea
Fluid in lung
Fever
Pain
Shivering
Pain when urinate
White pus flows out from testis
Can cause sterility eventually
Persistent cough
Yellow and thick sputum with blood
Chest pain
Weight loss, tiredness
Fever
Swollen lymph nodes
Lessions throughout the body
Patchy hair loss on head
Food
Water
Air
Sexual relation
Air
Water
Food
Sexual relation
Past Year Question

Penyakit Yang Disebabkan Oleh Bakteria
Penyakit
Kolera
Pneumonia
Ganorea
Tuberkulosis
(TB)
Sifilis
Gejala
Muntah
Perut kejang
Cirit-birit
Cecair dalam paru-paru
Demam
Sakit
Menggigil
Kesakitan semasa membuang air kencing
Pengeluaran nanah organ pembiakan
Batuk
Penurunan berat badan
Sakit dada
Sesak nafas
Demam
Nodus limfa yang bengkak
Bintik merah pada kulit
Rambut gugur
Cara Berjangkit
Makanan
Air
Udara
Hubungan
seksual
Udara
Air
Makanan
Hubungan
seksual

Diseases caused by virus
Disease
Common cold
and influenza
Dengue fever
Measles
Symptoms
Transmission
Mucus in the nose, running nose

Fever, headache, general aches and pains
Sore throat, cough
Rash
High fever, headache
Muscle and joint pain
bleeding may occur in the nose,
mouth, skin, internal organs
Cold, cough
Fever, red rash
Sneezing
malaise, conjunctivis
Fever, tiredness, weak feeling, jaundice

Hepatitis (A or B) Vomit, muscle and joint pain
Loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort
AIDS
Swollen lymph nodes

Weight loss
Skin rashes
Fatigue
Fever
Diarrhoea
Air
Mosquito
Aedes
Air
Water droplet
Contaminated
Food
Body liquid
Body liquid
Contaminated
syringe

Penyakit Yang Disebabkan Oleh Virus
Penyakit
Selsema dan
influenza
Demam denggi
Gejala
Cara Berjangkit
Hidung berair
Demam, sakit kepala, letih
Sakit kerongkong
Bintik merah pada kulit
Demam panas, sakit kepala
Sakit sendi dan otot

Pendarahan dalam hidung, mulut, kulit dan
organ dalaman
Selsema, batuk
Demam campak Demam, bintik merah pada badan
Bersin
Hepatitis (A atau
B)
Demam, keletihan, jaundis

Muntah, sakit sendi dan otot
Hilang selera makan, air kencing gelap
AIDS
Nodus limfa bengkak

Hilang berat badan
Ruam pada kulit
Lesu
Demam
Cirit birit
Udara
Nyamuk
aedes
Udara
Air hujan
Makanan
tercemar
Cecair badan
Cecair badan
Jarum
suntikan
tercemar

Diseases caused by fungus
Disease
Symptoms
Method
Of Infection
Tinea
Certain parts of the skin looks

brighter and has white spots
Itchy rash between the toes
Contact
Spore fall
on moist skin
Ringworm
Skin becomes red and itchy

Infected scalp causes hair loss
Contact
Pityriasis
versicolor
Rash on the chest, neck, arms, abdomen, back

Reddish or brownish patches on
fair-skinned people
Pale patches on dark-skinned people
Contact
Mouth and tongue turn red and sore with

white patches
Contact
Oral thrush

Penyakit yang Disebabkan Oleh Kulat
Penyakit
Gejala
Cara
Berjangkit
Panau
Terdapat bahagian pada kulit kelihatan cerah dan Sentuhan

Spora jatuh
berwarna putih
Ruam gatal
pada kulit
Kurap
Kulit menjadi merah

Kegatalan pada kulit
Kulit kepala yang dijangkiti kehilangan rambut
Sentuhan
Pityriasis
versicolor
Ruam pada dada, leher, tangan dan belakang

badan
Bintik kemerahan atau keperangan pada orang
berkulit cerah
Bintik pucat pada orang berkulit gelap
Sentuhan
Seriawan
mulut
Mulut dan lidah menjadi merah
Sentuhan

Diseases caused by protozoa
Disease
Malaria
Symptoms
High fever
Anemia, fatigue, headache
Pale skin
Fever
Sleeping sickness
tremors
(Trypanosome)
Loss of weight
Dysentery
Diarrhoea
Weak
Liquid faces
Method
Of Infection
Anopheles
Mosquito bite
Tsetse fly bite
Contaminated
water

Penyakit Yang Disebabkan Oleh Protozoa
Penyakit
Malaria
Penyakit tidur
(Trypanosome)
Disentri
Gejala
Demam panas
Anemia, lesu, sakit kepala
Kulit pucat
Cara Berjangkit
Gigitan nyamuk
tiruk
Demam
Debaran
Hilang berat badan
Gigitan lalat
Cirit birit
Lemah
Sakit perut
Air tercemar

The spreading of diseases
The spreading of diseases
involves the transferring
of pathogens from one
person to another.
How?
Through food
Spreading
method
Through water
Rubbish/
Faeces
Through air
Consumed without
boiling
Diarrhoea
Polluted
Through contact
(a) Direct Contact
Sexual activities, sharing
of syringe, blood
transfussion or from
mothers to babies during
delivery
Through vectors
Vectors are organisms

that carry pathogens
to other organisms
(b) Indirect Contact
Sharing of personal
items such as
towels, clothings
or shoes

Jangkitan Penyakit
Jangkitan penyakit ialah
pemindahan patogen daripada
seorang ke seorang lagi.
Bagaimana penyakit
berjangkit?
Melalui Air
Sampah
sarap
Melalui Udara
Melalui Makanan
Cara penyakit
berjangkit
Digunakan tanpa
mendidihkan air
Cirit-birit
Tercemar
Melalui Sentuhan
(a) Sentuhan secara
langsung
Hubungan seks,
perkongsian jarum
suntikan, pemindahan
darah daripada ibu
kepada bayi.
Melalui vektor
Vektor ialah organisma

yang membawa patogen
kepada organisma yang
lain
(b) Sentuhan secara
tidak langsung
Perkongsian barang
seperti tuala, pakaian
atau kasut

Infection through vector
Vector
Diseases
Infection method
Rat
Typhus
Blight disease
Rats bite
Mosquito
Malaria
Dengue fever
Filariasis
Mosquitos bite
House flies
Cholera
Dysentery
Food poisoning
Pathogens are transferred from its

legs to the food.
Past Year Question

Jangkitan Melalui Vektor
Vektor
Penyakit
Cara Jangkitan
Tikus
Demam gigitan
tikus
Gigitan tikus
Nyamuk
Malaria
Demam denggi
Filariasis
Gigitan nyamuk
Lalat
Kolera
Disentri
Keracunan
makanan
Patogen dipindahkan daripada telurnya

ke makanan.

1.5
Analysing ways to prevent infection

caused by microorganisms
Analysing Ways To Prevent Infection Caused By Microorganisms

Analysing ways to prevent Infection caused by microorganisms
Infections are diseases that can be transferred from one
person to another through the spread of pathogens.
How infections can be prevented ?
1
Vector control
Prevention
method
3
Immunity
2
Sterilisation
Menganalisis Cara Pencegahan Jangkitan Penyakit yang Disebabkan

oleh Mikroorganisma
Pencegahan Jangkitan Penyakit yang Disebabkan oleh Mikroorganisma
Jangkitan adalah penyakit yang dipindahkan daripada
seorang ke seorang yang lain melalui penyebaran
patogen. Bagaimana mencegah jangkitan penyakit?
1
Kawalan vektor
Cara
Pencegahan
3
Keimunan
2
Pensterilan

Analysing ways to prevent Infection caused
by microorganisms Vector Control
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens from one person to
another.
For example, Aedes mosquitoes transfers dengue fever virus from
an infected person to another person by biting.
Vector control means reducing the number of vectors by killing or stopping the
reproduction of the vectors.
Egg stage
Destroying
breeding places
Larva stage
Spraying oil/
Insecticide/
Burning breeding
grounds
Pupa stage
Spraying oil/
Insecticide/
Burning breeding
grounds
Adult stage
Fogging/spraying
insecticide

oleh Mikroorganisma
Pencegahan Jangkitan Penyakit yang Disebabkan
Oleh Bakteria Kawalan Vektor
Vektor adalah haiwan / organisma yang mengeluarkan patogen
daripada satu perumah kepada perumah yang lain.
Contoh, nyamuk aedes memindahkan virus demam denggi daripada
seseorang yang telah dijangkiti kepada orang lain dengan gigitan.
Kawalan vektor bermaksud mengurangkan bilangan vektor dengan membunuh atau
menghentikan pembiakan vektor.
Peringkat
telur
Musnahkan tempat
bertelur
Peringkat
larva
Peringkat
pupa
Semburan
minyak/
racun serangga/
Membakar tempat
pembiakan
Semburan
minyak/
Racun serangga/
Membakar tempat
pembiakan
Peringkat
dewasa
Semburan racun
perosak

Analysing ways to prevent Infection caused by microorganisms Sterilisation
A process where pathogens are removed or destroyed from an object or environment
At high temperatures
of > 100oC, pathogens
will be killed.
Heat
Radiation
Example
Sterilisation of
surgery equipment in a
autoclare at 120oC
Sterilisation of milk bottle
by boiling at 100oC
Methods of
sterilisation
3
Chemical
Disinfectant and Example

antiseptic can kill
pathogens
When exposed to
radiation such as gamma
rays and ultraviolet rays,
pathogens will be killed.
Example
Clothes put under the hot sun
and operation theatre exposed
to UV rays
Medical equipments are sterilised
using gamma rays to kill pathogens
and its spore
Antiseptics are chemicals used to

kill or inhibit the growth of
microorganism. eg: lodin and alcohol
Disinfectants are used to sterilise
building, toilets, utensils and clothing
eg: Formalin, Lysol

oleh Mikroorganisma
Pencegahan Jangkitan Penyakit yang Disebabkan oleh Mikroorganisma

Pensterilan
Satu proses dimana patogen dibuang dan dimusnahkan daripada objek atau persekitaran.
Pada suhu melebihi

100oC, patogen akan
mati.
Haba
Sinaran
Contoh
Pensterilan peralatan
bedah dalam autoklaf
pada120oC
Pensterilan botol susu
pada 100oC
Cara Pensterilan
Bahan kimia
Patogen akan mati apabila

terdedah kepada sinaran
seperti sinaran gamma
dan sinaran ultraungu.
Contoh
Cahaya matahari dan lampu beracun
kuman mengeluarkan sinar ultraungu
untuk membunuh mikroorganisma
Peralatan bedah disterilkan dengan
sinaran gama untuk membunuh
patogen
Antiseptik digunakan untuk membunuh

dan
mencegah
pembiakan
Disinfektan dan
Contoh mikroorganisma. Contoh: iodin dan alkohol
antiseptik boleh
membunuh
Disinfektan
digunakan
untuk
patogen
mensterilkan bangunan, tandas dan
peralatan. Cth: Formalin, Lysol

Analysing ways to prevent Infection caused by
microorganisms Active Immunity
Active immunity : A persons own immune system produces antibodies in
the presence of a pathogen.
Natural active
immunity
When a person recovers from a disease, his immune

system is able to produce antibodies.
Artificial active
immunity
Vaccine is injected into a persons body to stimulate the

body to produce antibodies.
Vaccine
Dead pathogens
Weaken pathogens
= Antibody
(Last for years or life)

oleh Mikroorganisma
Pencegahan Jangkitan Penyakit yang Disebabkan oleh
Mikroorganisma Keimunan Aktif
Keimunan aktif : Antibodi yang dihasilkan oleh sistem imun badan dengan
kehadiran patogen.
Keimunan aktif
Semula jadi
Apabila seorang pulih daripada penyakit, sistem imun

badan akan menghasilkan antibodi untuk melawan
penyakit yang sama kali kedua.
Keimunan aktif
buatan
Vaksin disuntik ke dalam tubuh untuk merangsang tubuh

mengeluarkan antibodi.
Vaksin
Patogen mati
Patogen yang
dilemahkan
= Antibodi
(Bahan kimia yang
dihasilkan oleh
sel darah putih)

Analysing ways to prevent Infection caused
by microorganisms Passive Immunity
Passive immunity : Antibodies are directly introduced from external source.
Natural passive
immunity
A baby acquires antibodies from

mother through placenta and
breast feeding
Artificial passive
immunity
Serum containing antibodies which is

obtained from animals is injected
into body.
For example, anti-tetanus antibodies
from horses
Artificial/
passive immunity
Serum
Antibodies
from animals
Natural passive immunity
= Antibody
(Instant immunity but
only temporary protection)
Past Year Question

oleh Mikroorganisma
Mikroorganisma Keimunan Pasif
Keimunan pasif : Antibodi diterima daripada punca luar
Fetus menerima antibodi

daripada ibu melalui plasenta
Bayi menerima antibodi
daripada ibu melalui susu ibu.
Keimunan pasif
Semula jadi
Keimunan pasif
buatan
Serum mengandungi antibodi daripada

haiwan disuntik ke dalam badan.
Contoh, antibodi anti-tetanus diperoleh
daripada kuda.
Keimunan pasif
buatan
Serum
Antibodi daripada
haiwan
Keimunan pasif semula jadi
= Antibodi
(Keimunan yang cepat
tetapi sementara)

Immunisation is the process of attaining immunity by artificial
Artificial active immunity by Vaccination
First dose
of vaccine
Second dose
of vaccine
Vaccine is used to stimulate the body

to produce of antibodies in order to
attach immunity
Artificial passive immunity by using serum
First injection
of serum
Second injection of serum
Serum contain antibodies which are

obtained from an outside source will
be recognized as foreign and will
eventually be destroyed

oleh Mikroorganisma
Pengimunan ialah proses merangsang badan untuk menghasilkan lebih
antibodi secara buatan.
Keimunan aktif buatan melalui pemvaksinan
Dos vaksin
pertama
Dos vaksin
kedua
Vaksin digunakan untuk merangsang

badan menghasilkan antibodi
Keimunan pasif buatan menggunakan serum
Suntikan serum
pertama
Suntikan serum kedua
Serum mengandungi antibodi yang

diperoleh daripada punca luar

Analysing ways to prevent infection
caused by microorganisms
Comparison between active and passive immunisation
Characteristic
Active immunity
Passive immunity
Purpose
Stimulate body to
produce antibody
Immediate treatment
Substance injected
Vaccine
Serum contains antibodies
Substance produced
Antibody
Substance
injected into
A healthy person
A patient
Validity of immunity
Long lasting (Years)
Shortlived (Months)
Time needed for

the immunity
to take effect
Long (weeks)
Immediate

oleh Mikroorganisma
Mikroorganisma
Perbandingan Antara Keimuanan Aktif Dan Keimunan Pasif
Ciri-ciri
Keimunan aktif
Keimunan pasif
Fungsi bahan
Merangsang badan untuk

Menghasilkan antibodi
Bahan disuntik
Vaksin
Membunuh patogen dalam

badan
Serum yang mengandungi
antibodi
Bahan dihasilkan
Antibodi
Jenis pesakit yang

diberi keimunan
Orang yang sihat
Pesakit
Tempoh keimunan
Tahan lama (bertahun)
Sementara (bulan)
Tempoh memperoleh
keimunan
Lambat
Cepat

1.6 Understanding how diseases caused

by microorganisms are treated
Understanding How Diseases Caused By Microorganisms Are Treated
Modern medical treatments
Use of antiserums
A blood serum containing

antibodies from animals
Stop the growth of

microorganisms
use with doctors advice
Use of antibiotics
Modern medical
treatment
Use of
synthetic
medicines
Complex chemical
substances
Can treat diseases
caused by bacteria
Use of
surgical
methods
Effective in treating
diseases caused by
microorganisms
Used in removing parts
of body
Past Year Question
Memahami Cara Merawat Penyakit yang Disebabkan oleh Mikroorganisma
Rawatan Perubatan Moden

Penggunaan
antiserum
Serum mengandungi
antibodi haiwan
Menghentikan pembiakan
mikroorganisma
Digunakan mengikut
nasihat doktor
Merawat penyakit
disebabkan mikroorganisma
Digunakan dalam pemindahan
Bahagian badan
Penggunaan
antibiotik
Rawatan
Moden
Ubat sintetik
Bahan kimia kompleks

Boleh merawat penyakit
yang disebabkan oleh
bakteria
Kaedah
pembedahan
Soalan Peperiksaan
Traditional medical treatments

Herbal treatment
Parts of plants are used as

Medicine to cure diseases
Rosy
Aloe
periwinkle
vera is used
is used
Eurycoma longifolia jack is
to
to treat
treat sore
wounds
throat
in
used to treat fever
the and
skindiarrhoea
and scabies
Acupuncture
Traditional medical
treatment
Needles are
inserted into different
points of body to
fight diseases
Yoga and
meditation
To improve mental and

Physical health
Memahami Cara Merawat Penyakit yang Disebabkan oleh Mikroorganisma
Rawatan Perubatan Tradisional

Rawatan herba
Bahagian pada tumbuhan

digunakan
untuk merawat penyakit
Akupuntur
Rawatan
Tradisional
Yoga dan
meditasi
Rosy
Aloe
periwinkle
vera is used
is used
Tongkat ali digunakan untuk
to
to treat
treat sore
wounds
throat
in
merawat demam
the and
skindiarrhoea
and scabies
Jarum dimasukkan ke
dalam badan untuk
melawan
penyakit
Untuk meningkatkan
kesihatan mental dan
fizikal
Danger of using drugs without medical advice and through unauthorised

prescription
Might be allergic
Overdose may damage organs (liver, kidney)
Encourage the growth of dangerous microorganisms
Resistance of pathogen may be increased
Memahami Bagaimana Merawat Penyakit yang Disebabkan oleh Mikroorganisma
Bahaya Menggunakan Dadah Tanpa Nasihat Doktor dan Tanpa Preskripsi

yang Dibenarkan
Alahan
Dos berlebihan menyebabkan kegagalan fungsi organ (hati, buah
pinggang)
Menggalakkan pembiakan mikroorganisma berbahaya
Ketahanan kepada patogen meningkat

1.7 Realising that microorganisms have profound

effects on human being and the balance in nature

Realising that Microorganisms Have Profounds Effects On Human Being And The Balance In Nature
Microorganisms
Useful
Cause
beneficial effects
in
Agriculture,
decomposition,
digestion, industry,
medicine
Classified
into
Algae, bacteria,
fungi, protozoa
viruses
Affected by
pH value, humidity,
light, nutrients,
temperature
Harmful
Cause diseases
Prevented
by
Immunity,
sterilisation,
vector control
Cured
by
Antibiotics
Menyedari mikroorganisma mempunyai kesan yang menakjubkan

kepada manusia dan keseimbangan alam.
Mikroorganisma
Berguna
Dikelaskan
kepada
Alga, bakteria,
fungi, protozoa
virus
Menyebabkan kesan
yang berfaedah
dalam
dipengaruhi oleh
Pertanian, penguraian,
pencernaan, industri
dan perubatan
Nilai pH value,
kelembapan, cahaya,
nutrien dan suhu
Berbahaya
Menyebabkan
penyakit
dihalang dengan dirawat dengan
Keimunan,
pensterilan
dan kawalan
vektor
Antibiotik

Chapter 1 Understanding The Classification of Microorganisms

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Chapter 1 Understanding The Classification of Microorganisms

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Topic 1 Microorganisms And

Their Effects On Living Things

1.1 Understanding the classification

ITeach Science Form 5

Topic 1 Microorganisms and Their Effects On Living Things

Understanding The Classification Of Microorganisms

: Make own food ( Contain chloroplast to synthesis

: Feed on the cells of other living things

: Feed on dead organisms

Topik 1 Mikroorganisma dan Kesannya ke atas Hidupan

Memahami Pengelasan Mikroorganisma

: Membuat makanan sendiri ( Mmpunyai kloroplast yang

: Menyerap makanan dari benda hidup

: Menyerap makanan dari benda yang reput (organisma yang

Topic 1 Microorganisms and Their Effects On Living Things

Understanding The Classification Of Microorganisms

ITeach Science Form 5

Topik 1 Mikroorganisma dan Kesannya ke atas Hidupan

Memahami Pengelasan Mikroorganisma

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5

Topic 1 Microorganisms and Their Effects On Living Things

Understanding The Classification Of Microorganisms

Nucleus material (DNA)

ITeach Science Form 5

Topik 1 Mikroorganisma dan Kesannya ke atas Hidupan

Memahami Pengelasan Mikroorganisma

Bahan nukleus (DNA)

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5

Topic 1 Microorganisms and Their Effects On Living Things

Understanding The Classification Of Microorganisms

ITeach Science Form 5

Topik 1 Mikroorganisma dan Kesannya ke atas Hidupan

Memahami Pengelasan Bakteria

Rupa Bentuk Bakteria

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5

Topic 1 Microorganisms and Their Effects On Living Things

Understanding The Classification Of Microorganisms

Past Year Question

Topik 1 Mikroorganisma dan Kesannya ke atas Hidupan

Memahami Pengelasan Mikroorganisma

Topic 1 Microorganisms and Their Effects On Living Things

Understanding The Classification Of Microorganisms

Bacteria cell grows

Two identical cell pulls apart

Genetic material pull

Cell pinches off

Topik 1 Mikroorganisma dan Kesannya ke Atas Hidupan

Memahami Pengelasan Bakteria

Sel bakteria membesar

Bahan genetik dalam

Dua anak sel terbentuk

Bahan genetik mengganda

Sel membahagi ditengah

Topic 1 Microorganisms and Their Effects On Living Things

Understanding The Classification Of Microorganisms

Cell wall (Chitin)

ITeach Science Form 5

Past Year Question

Topik 1 Mikroorganisma dan Kesannya ke Atas Hidupan

Memahami Pengelasan Mikroorganisma

Dinding sel (Kitin)

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 5

Topic 1 Microorganisms and Their Effects On Living Things