<CHAPTER 5>

The concept of cellular

communication

mg_cho@semy
ung.ac.kr

Infor mat ion & Communicat ion

Engineer ing Semyung
University

5.1.1 Type of the cell

(Cell)
Zones in a particular mobile phone base station can best be
handled the call of the mobile phone
The same configuration of one cell phone coverage is connected to
one
Cellular System [ ]

<
coverage>

5.1.1 (type)

Convenience of call quality , design , and relationship of the side
economics
Use the hexagon -shaped cells
The actual shape radio wave arrival

simplified
form

theoretical
form

Close the circle

form of a real area

5.1.1

(according)
Cell shape

(global cell)

(mega cell)

(macro cell)

(micro cell)

(pico cell)

radius
750km

5km

(Classification)

Coverage

(cont inents)

(satellite)

(rural)

25km

(urban)

(c ell ul ar)

(c ell ul ar)

2002km

(dense urban)

(cellular)
/ L o w - T i e r System

(office)
(campus)

L o w - Ti e r System
/W ireless LAN

200m

5.1.1

(Distance)

[ - ]
Sort by size

Cell 5:Continent
Cell 4:Suburbs
Cell 3:Urban, Suburbs

(grobal cell)

Cell 2:dense urban

(mega cell)

(micro cell)

(macro cell)

Cell 1:Central
business district

(peco cell)

Basic terminal
PDA terminal
Audio/visual terminal
Formation of networks system

5.1.2 Basic Knowledge of the cellular system

Basic Knowledge of the cellular system
Mounting the antenna on a high area or tower
Wide area services over a single high-power radio base station
Power consumption is very large
It limits the number of channels that are available within the allocated
frequency band
The increased demand for currency can also
increase the no call line
Hand-off feature is not supported

Move adjacent cell during a call dead

Also it must close again the frequency for re- call.
Cellular system proposed

5.1.2
Cellular previous system
move
-Call drop

f1

!
f2to call req!
f2

5.1.2 Basic techniques of cellular systems [ ]

Cellular system [Test : Write down the characteristics of three or more]
It provides coverage to multiple low-power base station

The frequency re-use : The two cells far enough apart from each other
without interference, using the same frequency band

Divided frequency assignments into several small areas ( -cell)

Secure sufficient subscribers by increasing the number

of channels carrying capacity

(Hand- off)

Automatically connect without favor paragraphs

Frequency radio waves can call to install the other base

stations in the area , such as buildings or mountains back and
not passed well

5.1.2

B
G

A
F

reuse !!

B
G

C
A

D
E

5.1.3 Cellular frequency reuse

Increase in the capacity of a cellular system
Cellular systems are not the frequency reuse
f1 :

Using K channels within

a single cell
K

f1

Increased
capacity

f1

f1

problem occurred?

Volume= K(2
)

Volume= K(1 )

(co channel interference)

10

f1

5.1.3
Increase in the capacity of a cellular system [ ]
Cellular system employing the frequency reuse
f1, f2: (each other)
a

f2

F1- 2

f1

F1_1

f1

Volume=

K (3

150% increase compared to existing

2
11

5.1.3 [ ]
(frequency reuse) :

=
planning)
(frequency
Base station and the channel group assigned to the selection process in a
communication system
Frequency re-use in the interference range which does not affect the call quality in
order to increase the subscriber capacity in the limited frequency resources

Frequency reuse concept

B
B
G

N=7
(num) M=3
K channels allocated per cell
Total system capacity:
C=MNK

G
A

C
F

A
F

C
D
E

D
B

E
G

C
A

D
E

12

5.1.3
Each cellular base station is allocated a channel in the cell of the narrow
call area
Assign different frequencies to adjoining base station Reducing
interference between base stations
(Co-Channel) : Cells using the same frequency
channel interference (CCI): Interference between a channel
(cell c l u s t e r ) : Groups of cells using different
frequencies
Number of cells

= :N

Total available communication channels without frequency reuse: S=K

XN
Each cell in the cluster may use the 1 / N of the total available channel
(frequency reuse f a c t o r ) = 1/N

13

5.2.1 Capacity and frequency reuse

The total number of available channels / cluster ( )

S = KxN
N : (N=4,7 , 1 2 , ) , K : n u m b e r
of channels/each cell
Total capacity of the cellular system
M: The number of clusters that make up the
cellular system
While maintaining the cell size by reducing the
cluster size (N) the number of channels allocated to
each cell (K) is increased
Available total channel (S) is repeated a number of
clusters for the overall call volume service area
Having this given the constant value assigned
When S is constant , the increase in the M clusters
14
is increased
system capacity

5.2.1
[ 1] FDD(Frequency
Division Duplex)Cellular system
and method using a two -channel 25KHz simplex, The total
frequency range is 33MHz.
33Mhz
25Khz

25Khz

total frequency band= 33MHz

50Khz

Channel frequency band= 25KHz x 2 = 50KHz/duplex

total number of available channels(S) = 33,000/50 = 660

Number of frequency reuse( ) if N=4

total number of available channels/cell (K) = 660/4=

16
N=7 if the

8
6

13
0
3

8
4

2
7

9
12

11

2
1

10
7

7
8

6
9

19
3
18
17

9
8 8 130
11
7 2
3
1

6
5
9 16
130 15
2
11
3
1
12
4
5
13
14

9
19

12
412
176
5 4 13
13
16
14
9
9
15
14
819
10
2
19 8 2
113
7
1
18
7
3
18
12
6
1
6
4
17
5
17
5
13
16
16
14
15

(d) i = 2 and j=3

15

13
2 0 11

18

(c) i = 2 and j = 2

4
5

(b) i =1 and j = 2

3
1

6
4

2
7

95 N=12

total channels available/cell (K) = 660/12= 55

3
1

3
(a) i = 2 and j = 0

total number of available channels/cell (K) =

660/7=

7
3

3
3

4
5

1
6

1
2

7
3
3

5.2.1
2
3

7
3
3

3
1

2
3
1

25Khz

4
5

4
5

1
6

33Mhz

4
5

1
6

25Khz

50Khz
(a) i = 2 and j =
0

(b) i =1 and j =
2

2
3

7
8
6

12
7

3
1
5

6
9

(c) i = 2 and j =
2

13
0
3

8
4

19
18
17

11

4
5

10
7

8
7
6
16

1
2 3
0
1
5

3
14
4

11
12
13

19
18
17
9

1
2 3
0
1

16

5
15

11
12
13
8

1
2
8
15
14
13
7
2 3 11
19
1
7
2 0 11
0
19
1
6
18
12
1 3 12
6
5
3
18
16
17
13
5
16
5 4 13
14
17
4
15
14
(d) i = 2 and
j=3

16

5.2.1 Capacity and frequency reuse [ ]

[ 2]
Consider this 1001 two radio channels that are present and
the cellular system to control the money supply. Suppose that an area of
cells per 6km2 the high area of the entire system
2100km 2 .

(N) if the 7 Calculate the capacity of the system.

total number of available channels( S ) = 1001,
Channel cluster size(N) =7
Total system area(Asys):
Cells per unit area(Acell): 6km2,
2100km2
/available channel (K)
K =S /
N =1001 / 7 = 143( /
)
1 area of the cluster (A c l u s t e r )
Acluster = N x Acell = 7 x 6 =42km2
Total number of clusters (M)
M= A / Acluster . = 2100 / 42 =
50
sys .
System Capacity (C)

C= M x N x K = 50 x17
7 x 143 = 50,050

5.2.1 [ ]
[ 2 ] Total number of clusters to N = 4 is repeated using
the cluster in order to maintain the coverage area of the entire system
is ? If the cluster size N = 4 and calculate the
capacity of the system .
Increase in the number of cluster (M) increasing the system capacity?
N = 4 , area(A c l u s t e r )

= N x A c e l l = 4 x 6 = 24
A c lus t er
2
kmclusters(M)
total number of
M = As y s
= 2100 / 24 87
/ A cluster

/ available channel (K)

K = S / N = 1001/4 = 250 ( / )
Capacity (C)
C = K x Mx N =
250 87 4 =
87,000
As the number of clusters and the total capacity is increased. The reason is that
when the cluster size (N) is reduced from 7 to 4 in the channel capacity is increased
to 87,000 at 50 050 channels .
Since the frequency re-use many more
18

5.2.1 Capacity and frequency reuse

(co-channel) of the cell location of the cellular system
1 ) C e l l m o ve m e n t a l o n g a n y s i d e o f t h e h e xa g o n a l c e l l
2)
60-degree angle and then move the cell changes in a
counterclockwise direction
j

N i2 i j j2
19 (i 3, j 2)

19

5.2.1
2

N=4

3
1

2
1

2
1

(a) i = 2 and j = 0

N=12

7
6
10
7

12
7

3
1
5

13
0
3

8
4

18

9
2
1

19

17

11

4
5

7
8

8
7
6
16

9
2
1
5
15

13 11
0
12
3
13
4
14

(c) i = 2 and j = 2

(b) i =1 and j = 2

2
8

4
5

4
5

1
6

7
3

4
5

1
6

N=7

3
2 1 11
13 11
0
7
0
1
18
12
3
6
12
3
17
5
13
4
16
13
4
15
9
8
14
8
3
1
14
11
7
2
19
0
7
19
1
6
18
12
3
18
6
5
16
17
13
17
4
16
15
14

19

(d) i = 2 and j=3

N=19

9
2
1
5

5.2.2 Interference and the system capacity

Frequency re-use the same
channel interference

(CCI: Co-channel Interference)

30

j 2 cos 2 (30 o ) (i j sin(30 o )) 2

2
D norm
i 2 j 2 ij

j
D
120
i
3R

30

3R
R

3R

The radius of the cell of the regular hexagon : R

The distance between the center point of two neighboring cells :
The closest distance between two co-channel cells

21

3R

5 . 2. 2 Interference and the system capacity[ ]

Normalized shortest distance between two co-channel cells
2
D norm

j 2 cos 2 (30 o ) (i j sin(30 o )) 2 i 2 j 2

ij

D norm

N
The actual distance of the nearest co-channel cells
D D norm

3R 3N R

(co-channel reuse r a t i o )
D

Q R
3N
Important relationship[ ]
(N) same cell distance (D) (Q)

(CCI) Call Quality total number of clusters (M) total

call capacity
(N) (D) (Q)

(CCI) Call Quality ( M ) total call

capacity

22

5.2.2
( c o - channel) reause ratio
reuse pattern
(I,j)
(1,1)
(2,0)
(2,1)
(3,0)
(2,2)
(3,1)
(3,2)
(4,1)
(3,3)
(4,3)
(4,3)

(N) reuse ratio( Q )

3N
3
3.00
4
3.46
7
4.58
9
5.20
12
6.00
13
6.24
19
7.55
21
7.94
27
9.00
28
9.17
37
10.54

23

5.2.2

(Intra-Cell I n t e r f e r e n c e )

Interference coming within the same cell

(Inter-Cell I n t e r f e r e n c e )

Interference coming from other cells

Transmit signal

Intercell Interference
Intracell
Interference

5.2.2
Increase capacity Reuse

(CIC) occur

Signal interference ratio (SIR)

S

S
N

i 1

average received power at distance d

I

Pr P o( d ) - n
o

( n attenuation coefficient)

Pr (d B m ) Po (d B m ) - 1 0 n lo g (

d
do

Q R

3N

The same base station transmit power , assuming the same number of
wave attenuation
R

Pr (d o )( d ) -n
NI

i1

D
P (d )( i ) -n
r
o
do

-n

NI

D
i1

-n
i

1
NI

i1

25

D
( i ) -n
R

(Q ) n

NI

Ni

R -n

(D )
i

i1

-n

5.2.2
A mobile station located in the cell boundary ( r = R) Minimum received power
(CIC) maximum
In the first regular hexagonal cell interference layer (first tier) considering only the cells
Interfering base station are the same , the distance between the standard cells (D I )
Distance between the mobile station and the interfering cell (D I ) = distance between the
cell center (D)
n

S/I

(D / R)
( 3N )
Q

Ni
Ni
Ni

(reuse) (ratio)(Q)
R

S
Q NI S n

* * D : The distance between the reference cell and

the interfering base station
Ni :

26

5.2.2 Interference and the system capacity [ ]

[ ] In order to provide a sufficient speech quality if the right of the
analog AMPS system using 30KHz channel signal-to-interference ratio ( S
/ I ) shall be at least 18dB. It shall obtain the N satisfying such
conditions
If propagation attenuation coefficient (n) is 4 , the frequency reuse
ratio (Q)

Q (N S / I )1/ n (6 101.8 )4 (6 63.1)0.25 4.41

i

(N)
2

D
NQ
Q

3N
3
6.49
R
For the signal-to-interference ratio ( S / I ) shall be at least

18dB to satisfy the cluster size 7

27

5.2.3.1 (cell splitting)

(cell

[Reference]

splitting)

Split subscriber overcrowded cells with a small cell area

antenna

The new base stations and transmission power considering the height of the

Installed between the old cell In proportion to the number of channel reuse to
increase capacity

The reduction in the R to R / 2 of the radius of the cell about four times the
capacity of the cell

Increase in the number of cells Increase in the total number of (M)

Capacity (C) increase

When the same cell separation channel ( co - channel ) at least the co-channel
reuse ratio (Q) between the cells must be maintained

The radius (R) to be the same channel decrease the distance (D) side is
reduced .
It shall decrease the transmit power of the new cell .

28

5.2.3.1 (cell splitting)

]

(cell

s p li t t i n g ) d ue to reduced transmission power

P [at old cell boundary]P R -n

t1

Pr [at new cell boundary]Pt (R / 2)

n2

Pt Pt1 12dB
16 P
2

R/2

t1

Cell separation technique to accommodate the number

of subscribers to apply when there is a sudden demand for
the subscriber to which the service area .

Frequent hand-off by increasing the number of base

stations due to the small cell radius

Call quality degraded significantly increases the load

on the system due to short circuit arc
Umbrella Cell : Service from the base station with a low-speed moving body Handoff occurs
less frequently at the base station is in service and Handoff with a small cell radius words or a
high-speed moving object is a large cell radius in the same cell

29

5.2.3.2 (sectoring) [
]

(sectoring)
Improve the SNR decreases, the same channel ( co - channel ) using

(directional) antenna instead of an existing omni directional (omni) antenna

How to keep the radius of the cell, and reducing the frequency reuse ratio

By increasing the cluster size is the SNR approaches for reducing and
reducing the frequency re-use to increase capacity ratio .

Increase in the frequency reuse to increase the number of

clusters = Reduction in the number of
cells in the cluster), to increase capacity
Only in a fixed direction and
transmit signals are subject to
interference .

1
1
3

(a) 3
(120 )

30

1
6
25
4
3

6 1 2
5 4 3

(b) 6
(60 )

5.2.3.2 (sectoring) [

]City have used the ring channels are distributed by

sector Sector Group

120 (sectoring)

5
5
7
5

6
5

5
5

If the number of the frequency reuse number of 7, the first

co-channel interference source in the interference of the cells
is reduced from six to two.

31

5.2.3.2 (sectoring) [
]
S

Omni Antenna S /I

6 Qn

1
n

The ring of the third sector directional antenna to 120 S / I Q

I 120
S
2
Increase of S / I of the directional antenna for omnidirectional antenna
I
omni

120o

Q (N S / I )1/ n , S / I 1/ N
Qn

Omni

In the worst case

environment, the use of sector 120 ring terminal is
i
in a sector thati is, the end terminal of the third sector is subjected to
interference from the interference of two cells each sector.

(Attenuation

n= 4 )

S
I
S
I 360

120o

R -4

D-4 (D 0.7R)4

1
q-4 (q 0.7)-

D+0
.7R

Pr (d o )( d o ) -n
NI

P (d )( Dd )
r o

i1

i -n
o

R -n

1/(NI q 4 ),

NI

q 4.41

-n
i

i 1

32

Terminal

5.2.3.2
(sectoring)

In this case S / I is approximately 24.2 dB can be seen that improved more

than the 17.9dB of a bad case of the existing omnidirectional

antenna .

Frequency reuse factor of 7 ,120 can also be satisfied with a minimum of 24dB
for voice quality communications sector in the ring.

Therefore, the capacity than 12/7 (N for satisfying SNR 24dB) of the existing
omnidirectional antenna 12:00 frequency reuse factor can increase the use that
is 1.74 times .

Ring sector expansion is required the antenna to the respective base stations , it
brings a reduction in efficiency due to the trunking -channel sectors ring , results
in an increase of the hand-over to the reduction of the service area of the base
station

33

5.2.4 (repeater)
The radio waves such as building or underground tunnels that do not
reach the area well
Base station (radio f r e q u e n c y ) w ay by sending a signal to a
desired remote location via a third transmission media of playing back to the
radio frequency signal
By assigning a channel not to increase the subscriber capacity, simply to
only serve to amplify and retransmit the signals from the stations in a
particular group area .
Good performance characteristics than the base station repeater much in
terms
Cost disadvantages Base Station(BS) expensive than the repeater
Installation of base stations in order to eliminate the possibility of overinvestment in small dot shaded areas and aspects for non- performance
Wireless network design and service providers to address the shaded
areas if plans to eliminate general repeater

34

5.2.4 (repeater)
Type of relay
Division

Terrestrial
repeaters

Type of Service
Outdoor Repeater
Frequency translating repeater
Optical repeater
Microwave repeaters
Laser repeaters

Distributed optical repeaters

I / F distributed repeater
Underground and RF Repeater
Small repeater
in-building
repeater
Multiple repeater mode

35

Extended
coverage

For expansion

For expansion

5.3 (Trunking theory)

[reference]

T ru n k i n g

The concept of the number of subscribers accommodated in a

limited frequency band

Principle at the same time all the subscriber does not use a
communication line

The Grade

o f Service

( GO S )

The communication system in the busiest business zone will

indicate the degree of connection of a subscriber or about a call
is the average number of calls / hour
blocking

Au H [ E r l ]
Mainly defined by blocking probability ( call share)
) 0.8 users per hour through a call request, if the call time is
1.76 minutes per household each user What is the currency of
share?

Au 0.8 call/
60

1.76 0.235
Erlang/user
36