“Sandy Debris Flow = A Flow Type (This Study) B,Behaver C. Sale 0, Cpentonat ‘(Posma ot, 1888) ‘An experimental view of ‘high-density turbidity currents by Postma etal. (1988) who suggested that the basal high-concentration layer (labeled as sandy debris flow) was driven by the upper low-concentration layer (labeled as turbidity current). According to Postma eta. (1988). both Upper and lower layers comprise the “high-density turbidity currents". [consider upper and lower layers ax theologically different enttics and therefore separate flow processes (see Shanmugam, 19963) (B) According to Postma et al (1988), lower and upper layers represent non-Newtonian and [Newtonian cheology, respectively. (C) According to Postma et al (1988), lower and upper layers represent laminar and turbulent sates, respectively. ‘The basal laminar layer (ce , sandy debris low) is variously termed as inertia-low layer, traction carpe, flowing-grain layer ete by various authors (Gee Shanmugam, 1996). The hasaLlaves with high ediment concentration promotes hindered settling, and allows development of floating mudsione clasts and quartz granules. (D) Interpretation of Postma etal. (1988). Because sedimentgravity flows are classified on the basis of rheology and int-support mechanism (Lowe, 1982), a single flow (high-density turbidity current) cannot be both Newtonian and non-Newtoni jnae and turbulent in state atthe same time. Ths type represents gravity flow transformation of Fisher (1983). From Shanmugam sei theology, and (19978). Size - Velocity Diagram Bouma Sequence No Movement on Flat Bed 8 Ripples (No Movement on Flat Bed) ~ ~ é Mean Flow Velocity (cm/sec) 888 04 06 08 4 2 4 6 8 10 Mean Sediment Size (mm) ‘Comparison of size-velocity diagram for bed forms (structures) developed ia fhime experiments a a flow depth of 20cm (compiled from many sources, see Southard (1975) with the five internal divisions (A, B, C, D, and E) of the Bouma (1962) Sequence. Bouma divisions A, B, C, and D are labeled in the size-velocity diagram for fine-grained sand for discussion purposes. Note that dunes and in-phase waves (antidunes) observed in flume experiments are absent in the Bouma Sequence. Also note that the basal normally graded division ofthe Bouma Sequence is absent in lume strctures, Published size-velocty diagram of experimental structures by Southard (1975) is flipped vertically in order to make an easy comparison withthe Bouma Sequence.SEA LeveL Res a S Wes SS SUBMARINE ROCKFALL. SUBMARINE SLIDE & SLUMPS + Rolling oF freetel! ot = Displocement of conerent mosses. + Seng fe poviger-sizes cietis. shear gloves, + Dezonitionst units usuctiy show distinct dawndaries. - = Local folds and fouits = Poer sorting, no resins or = <3 SUBMARINE MASS FLOW SUBMARINE TURBIDITY FLOW = Devesitional units show eustinet = Deposit al units usuelly show evstinet oundories Ddouncaries. — Plonor bese ond t02,e" stoner bose end ~ Plonor bese ond 109,01 chonnelee Dose hammecky 108, nd anor top. = Post sorting; normat grosing rare. ~ Veribie sortingsnormel erasing and © sceiy hesiolmee cher Bouma sequences common = Closts jombieg togerner curing moverent peg uerier/mayinsl neve, sivalretes lagetner curing movement 6 Dy turbulent suszensier = Transport distance fer ocross fow ‘ongle slopes ‘ond supported by seme type of non turbulent mechoniee = Tronsyart distance intermedicte ocross ow angie slopes Major type. ef submarine gravity transport mechanisms and some descriptive fond interpretive chorceterntics (modified after RH. Dett, Jr.. 1963). Cook, et al., 1972Tt tea J | i [ i i TURBIDITY CURRENT Fippled or fat top |= Sena tot Sanas [ranula at ase ‘end voleanoes a tat ep Consclutelomination Fd escepe pipes Dish strvetera? 2Grooves, Fema sndions Siotons swuetutes paral to flow Reverse grading ‘near base? ‘Scours, injection structores vn bad, SESE Iturbidite turbiite conglomerate “huroturbicites” muds ' Kiasifikas! ‘sediment gravity flow’ ber- dasarkan mekanisme yang molibatkan butiran (Mid- dieton & Hampton, 1973; diambil dari Reading, 1978) DEBRIS FLOW Irregular top Aarge grins projecting)Most sediment gravity flows do not form graded beds with Bouma sequences. There is a full spectrum of types, including some very thick bedded sands to all mud. The examples shown below focus on the sandy/gravelly varieties, z = 28 ag 38 53 4 @ S a 2 s 2 g 2 b— 2 a & 2 ‘ohesive Flows | Grain Flows ‘| ce ‘Summary of the main types of deposits formed during deposition from sediment gravity flows. Lines without arrows (i.e., 1-2, 1—3) connect members between which there probably exists a continuous spectrum of flow and types of deposits, but which is not part of an evolutionary ‘trend of single flows. Arrows connect members which may be part of an evolutionary continuum for individual flows. The transition from disorganized cohesive flows (1 and 3) to thick, inversely graded density-modified grain flows and traction carpets (5), and to turbulent gravelly high-density turbidity currents (6) is speculative, Redrawn from Lowe (1982).Fc | jesseew | sez ree lereus PROXIMAL ~ ExoTiC AAs Ay AaB Vf 8 PROXIMAL, Ge PAN I A\ ate orstaL, Skema antara asosiasi fasies turbidit dengan sublingkungannya pada sustu Kipas bawah laut (Walker & Muti, 1973) = = active OUTER FAN -— Sueaetn ra 27actIve \ ann 0 exe nne “UP teen uF ePastTIONAL ‘enawntieo SuPRAFAM oun as #« Gelembur gelombang Tah ; Laminasi Se] aj arBS i vat ee SS “a A ae ras 5 a ee = A Eo Rs e See F ”