MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY - 1

MDB 1043
METROLOGY LAB

METROLOGY
The word metrology is taken from
Greek 'metron' (measure), and -logy
is the science of measurement.
Metrology can also defined as the
measurement of dimensions such as
length, thickness, diameter, taper,
angle, flatness etc...

Units & Prefixes

The following table gives SI units for the basic physical quantities
(things that can be measured). All scientists throughout the world use
these units. (SI from the French "Le Systme International dUnits".)
C.G.S. System of Units
Centimeter Gram
Second system of unit

M.K.S.
System
of
Units:
Meter kilogram second
system of units

Source: http://www.xinminss.moe.edu.sg:1285/physics/VirtText/Notes_01.

Prefixes
Used to express physical quantities that are very big or very small.

Although metres are the SI unit for length we use other units based on
the metre.
Small objects will be measured in centimetres, millimetres or
micrometres.
Large objects will be measured in kilometres.

Source: http://www.xinminss.moe.edu.sg:1285/physics/VirtText/Notes_01.

LAB OBJECTIVES

To familiarize with the operation of

measuring gauges, instruments and
equipment.
Utilize measuring instruments in the
proper manner

THE INSTRUMENTS
1.
2.
3.

Surface Plate
Vernier caliper
Screw thread
micrometer
4. Outside micrometer
5. Inside micrometer
6. Depth micrometer
7. Precision square
8. Dial indicator
9. Thickness gauge
10. Height gauge

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Radius gauge
Pitch gauge
Telescopic gauge
Bore gauge
Bevel protractor
Sine bar
V Block
Coordinate measuring
machine
19. 3-D Non-contact
measuring machine

SURFACE PLATE
A surface plate is a solid, flat table used to
gauge the accuracy of a plane surface in
layout, gauging, tool setting, and inspection
activities

TWO TYPES OF SURFACE

PLATES CAN BE USED:
Granite surface
plate

Cast iron surface p

TWO TYPES OF SURFACE

PLATES CAN BE USED:
Granite surface
is considered the best material
Granite
for
surface
places
because
its
plate
properties (e.g., surface hardness, low
thermal
expansion,
no
rust
or
corrosion, longer wear life) result in
very accurate, stable, and precise
surfaces
Not
appreciably
affected
by
temperature change

TWO TYPES OF SURFACE

PLATES CAN BE USED:
Cast iron
surface

Well ribbed and high strength

Good wear-resistance qualities
After machined, surface scraped
by hand to flat
Operation long and cost high

TWO TYPES OF SURFACE

PLATES CAN BE USED:

Cast
Keepiron
surface plates clean
atiron
all times
Cast
surface p
surface
Clean occasionally with solvent to
remove film
Protect with wooden cover when not in
use
Use parallels whenever possible to
prevent damage to plates by rough
parts or castings
Remove burrs from workpiece before
placing it on plate

VERNIER CALIPER
Vernier Caliper is an instrument for making
very
accurate
linear
measurements
introduced in 1631 by Pierre Vernier of
France. It utilizes two graduated scales: a
main scale similar to that on a ruler and
an especially graduated auxiliary scale,
the vernier, that slides parallel to the main
scale and enables readings to be made to
a fraction of a division on the main scale

VERNIER CALIPER PARTS

12345678-

Outside jaws: used to measure external length

Inside jaws: used to measure internal length
Depth probe: used to measure depth
Main scale (cm)
Main scale (inch)
Vernier (cm)
Vernier (inch)
Retainer: used to block/release movable part

USING VERNIER CALIPER

MEASURING LENGTH

Source: http://phoenix.phys.clemson.edu/labs/cupol/v

USING VERNIER CALIPER

MEASURING OUTER DIAMETER

Source: http://phoenix.phys.clemson.edu/labs/cupol/v

USING VERNIER CALIPER

MEASURING INNER DIAMETER

Source: http://phoenix.phys.clemson.edu/labs/cupol/v

USING VERNIER CALIPER

MEASURING HOLE DEPTH

Source: http://phoenix.phys.clemson.edu/labs/cupol/v

HOW TO READ VERNIER

CALLIPERS MEASUREMENTS

HOW TO READ VERNIER

CALLIPERS MEASUREMENTS

Source: http://phoenix.phys.clemson.edu/labs/cupol/v

HOW TO READ VERNIER

CALLIPERS MEASUREMENTS

http://www.xinminss.moe.edu.sg:1285/physics/VirtText/Notes_01.2

SCREW THREAD MICROMETER

Screw Thread micrometers measure
the pitch diameter of a screw thread.

OUTSIDE MICROMETER
An outside micrometer is typically
used to measure wires, spheres,
shafts and blocks

MICROMETER PARTS

HOW TO READ MICROMETER

MEASUREMENTS OMETER

Measure in hundredths of a millimeter (0.01 mm)

One complete turn of thimble = 1/2 mm.
Sleeve marked in millimeters below the line.
Marked in half-millimeters above line.
Thimble marked in 50 divisions.
- Each division = 1/50 of a 1/2 millimeter or 1/100

Step 1. Note whole millimeter mark on sleeve.

Step 2. Note whether a half-mm mark is
showing between whole millimeter mark and
thimble.
Step 3. Read thimble for hundredths reading.

HOW TO READ MICROMETER

MEASUREMENTS

http://www.xinminss.moe.edu.sg:1285/physics/VirtText/Notes_01.2

Reading = 5.00
+ 0.50
+ 0.28
= 5.78
mm

INSIDE MICROMETER
An inside micrometer is commonly
used to measure the diameter of holes

DEPTH MICROMETER
The depth micrometer is used to
measure the depth of holes and slots
and the length of shoulders and
projections

PRECISION SQUARE
Precession square are used mainly for inspection and
setup purpose. They are hardened and accurately ground
and must be handled carefully to preserve accuracy.

PRECISION SQUARE

Used for laying out, checking, and setting up

work.
Beam and blade form a right angle.
Good quality squares are hardened.

PRECISION SQUARE
Using Solid Steel Squares.
Remove all burrs from work surface. Wipe
clean.
Wipe square clean.
Face source of light.
Hold work with one hand. Grasp square with
other.
Place inside of square against finished surface.

PRECISION SQUARE
Using Solid Steel Squares.

DIAL INDICATOR
Dial indicators are instruments used
to accurately measure a small distance.
They may also be known as a Dial
gauge, Dial Test Indicator (DTI)

DIAL INDICATOR

Dial indicators may be used to check

the variation in tolerance during the
inspection process of a machined
part, measure the deflection of a
beam or ring under laboratory
conditions, as well as many other
situations
where
a
small
measurement needs to be registered
or indicated.

Test indicators short range

high sensitivity used as null
devices
Long range needle makes
many revolutions has counter
dial
Used for rough centering,
thickness measurement
Mounted in a stand either
stationary while part moves or Also attached to bore & depth
indicator moves along a
gages
straightedge with part still
Digital & dial versions available
Generally looking for minimum
Can be fitted with various tips
indicator movement
End result given as TIR Total
Indicator Reading or Runout

RADIUS
GAUGE
A radius gauge
is a tool
used to measure
the radius of an object. Radius gauges
require a bright light behind the object to
be measured. The gauge is placed against
the edge to be checked and any light
leakage between the blade and edge
indicates a mismatch that requires
correction.

THICKNESS
GAUGE
Thickness gages are used to

make
precise dimensional measurements on a
wide variety of coatings and materials
including steel, plastic, glass, rubber,
ceramics, paint, electroplated layers,
enamels

HEIGHT GAUGE
A device used to accurately measure
height above a ground flat surface

BORE GAUGE

A bore gauge is a convenient term for

the measuring or transfer tools that are
used in the process of accurately
measuring holes.

BEVEL PROTRACTOR

A bevel protractor is a graduated

semicircular protractor having a pivoted
arm; used for measuring or marking off
angles. Sometimes vernier scale are
attached to give more accurate value. It
has wide application in architectural
and mechanical drawing
The bevel protractor picks up where the
blade protractor leaves off. The bevel
protractor
is designed for precision
measuring and layout of angles

BAVEL PROTRACTOR

The bevel protractor is capable of

measuring obtuse angles as well as acute
angles when accompanied with the
correct attachments.

SINE BAR
Bar is an instrument

The Sine
for
measuring how much a vertical surface
is off from plumb. It can be used for
setting surfaces to be exactly plumb

HOW TO MEASURE

V Block
Use clamps to secure rod to V-block surface
Indicate along top surface while moving along
straight edge - straightness
Use clamps
to secure rod
to V-block
surface

Align V-Block
with Straight-edge

Indicate along
top surface
while moving
along straight
edge straightness

Indicate along
side surface

TELESCOPIC GAGE

An instrument for measuring of bore

diameter and groove width. The springloaded plunger expands within the hole.
Knurled locking screw allows plunger
contacts to be held in position, removed
and measured with a micrometer

PITCH GAUGE
Pitch gauges are used to measure the
Pitch
gauges
are
used
as
a
reference
pitch or lead of screw threads
tool in determining the pitch of a thread
that is on a screw or in a tapped hole.
This tool is not used as a precision
measuring instrument. This device
allows the user to determine the profile
of the given thread and quickly
categorize the thread by shape and
pitch. This device also saves time, in
that it removes the need for the user to
measure and calculate the thread pitch

PITCH GAUGE

COORDINATE MEASURING
MACHINE
A
coordinate-measuring
machine
(CMM) is a device for dimensional
measuring. It is a mechanical system
designed to move a measuring probe to
determine the coordinates of points on
the surface of a workpiece. These
machines are used to measure the sizes
and positions of features on mechanical
parts

They are often used for:

Dimensional measurement
Profile measurement
Angularity or orientation measurement
Depth mapping
Digitizing or imaging
Shaft measurement

LASER DIGITIZER
Laser digitizer used in industries as coin chop jewelry

3-D NON-CONTACT MEASURING

MACHINE
3-D Non contact measuring machine is
the process of capturing 3-D, digital
definitions of physical objects without
contact