Gastritis

By : Nurul Khairunnisa bt. Mat Yahaya

Teacher : Pn. Hjh. Che Ratni
Class : 4 Inisiatif
Year : 2010
Gastritis
Introduction
 Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach, and has many
possible causes. The main acute causes are excessive alcohol consumption or
prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (also known as NSAIDs)
such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Sometimes gastritis develops after major surgery,
traumatic injury, burns, or severe infections. Gastritis may also occur in those
who have had weight loss surgery resulting in the banding or reconstruction of
the digestive tract. Chronic causes are infection with bacteria, primarily
Helicobacter pylori. Certain diseases, such as pernicious anemia, chronic
bile reflux, stress and certain autoimmune disorders can cause gastritis as well.

 The most common symptom is abdominal upset or pain. Other symptoms are
indigestion, abdominal bloating, nausea, and vomiting. Some may have a feeling
of fullness or burning in the upper abdomen. A gastroscopy, blood test, complete
blood count test, or a stool test may be used to diagnose gastritis. Treatment
includes taking antacids or other medicines, such as proton pump inhibitors or
antibiotics, and avoiding hot or spicy foods. For those with pernicious anemia,
B12 injections are given.
Drawing structure of Gastritis
Problem Statement
What are the structure of Gastritis and how does it occur in life?

Objective
To study the structure and the effects of Gastritis in human being.

Apparatus/Materials
Reference book, Internet and Microsoft PowerPoint software.

Technique
Find information about the structure of Gastritis from the reference book and internet.
Then, the information is presented in/using Microsoft PowerPoint.

Procedure
1. Information about the Gastritis is find from the reference book and internet.
2. The information gathered is presented in/using Microsoft PowerPoint.
Content
 About Gastritis

 Causes

 Signs and Symptoms

 Diagnosis

 Treatment

 Data and Statistics

What is Gastritis?

An inflammation of the lining of the stomach, and has many possible causes.
The lining of the stomach often looks red, irritated and swollen, and it may have
raw areas that can bleed. While the lining of the stomach is quite strong and
can withstand strong acid, drinking too much alcohol, eating spicy foods, or to
smoking can cause the lining become inflamed and irritated.
Causes

Gastritis may be caused by the following:

 drinking too much alcohol

 eating spicy foods

 smoking

 prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

 infection with bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella, or Helicobacter pylori

 major surgery

 traumatic injury or burns

 severe infection

 certain diseases, such as megaloblastic (pernicious) anemia, autoimmune disorders,

and chronic bile reflux
Causes
Acute
- Erosive gastritis is gastric mucosal erosion caused by damage to mucosal defenses. Alcohol
consumption does not cause chronic gastritis. It does, however, erode the mucosal lining of the
stomach; low doses of alcohol stimulate hydrochloric acid secretion. High doses of alcohol do not
stimulate secretion of acid. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase-1, or COX-1, an enzyme responsible for
the biosynthesis of eicosanoids in the stomach, which increases the possibility of peptic ulcers
forming. Also, NSAIDs, such as aspirin, reduce a substance that protects the stomach called
prostaglandin. These drugs used in a short period of time are not typically dangerous. However,
regular use can lead to gastritis.

Chronic
- Chronic gastritis refers to a wide range of problems of the gastric tissues that are the result of H.
pylori infection. The immune system makes proteins and antibodies that fight infections in the body
to maintain a homeostatic condition. In some disorders the body targets the stomach as if it were a
foreign protein or pathogen; it makes antibodies against, severely damages, and may even destroy
the stomach or its lining. In some cases bile, normally used to aid digestion in the small intestine,
will enter through the pyloric valve of the stomach if it has been removed during surgery or does not
work properly, also leading to gastritis. Gastritis may also be caused by other medical conditions,
including HIV/AIDS, Crohn's disease, certain connective tissue disorders, and liver or kidney failure.
Metaplasia
- Mucous gland metaplasia, the reversible replacement of differentiated cells, occurs in the setting
of severe damage of the gastric glands, which then waste away (atrophic gastritis), which are
progressively replaced by mucous glands. Gastric ulcers may develop; it is unclear if they are the
causes or the consequences. Intestinal metaplasia typically begins in response to chronic
mucosal injury in the antrum, and may extend to the body. Gastric mucosa cells change to
resemble intestinal mucosa and may even assume absorptive characteristics. Intestinal
metaplasia is classified histologically as complete or incomplete. With complete metaplasia,
gastric mucosa is completely transformed into small-bowel mucosa, both histologically and
functionally, with the ability to absorb nutrients and secrete peptides. In incomplete metaplasia,
the epithelium assumes a histologic appearance closer to that of the large intestine and frequently
exhibits dysplasia.

Helicobacter pylori
- Helicobacter pylori colonizes the stomach of more than half of the world's population, and the
infection continues to play a key role in the pathogenesis of a number of gastroduodenal
diseases. Colonization of the gastric mucosa with Helicobacter pylori results in the development
of chronic gastritis in infected individuals and in a subset of patients chronic gastritis progresses
to complications (i.e. ulcer disease, gastric neoplasias, some distinct extra gastric disorders).
However, gastritis has no adverse consequences for most hosts and emerging evidence
suggests that H. pylori prevalence is inversely related to gastroesophageal reflux disease and
allergic disorders. These observations indicate that eradication may not be appropriate for certain
populations due to the potentially beneficial effects conferred by persistent gastric inflammation.
Signs and Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of gastritis can include:

 Abdominal discomfort that may become worse after eating

 Persistent pain between the navel and lower ribs

 Nausea, sometimes with vomiting

 Poor appetite

 Belching, bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen

 With severe gastritis, sometimes bloody vomiting and black stools

 Unexplained weight loss

Diagnosis

Often, a diagnosis can be made based on the patient's description of his or her
symptoms, but other methods may be used to verify:

 Blood tests:
 Blood cell count
 Presence of H. pylori
 Pregnancy
 Liver, kidney, gallbladder, or pancreas functions

 Urinalysis

 Stool sample, to look for blood in the stool

 X-rays

 ECGs

 Endoscopy, to check for stomach lining inflammation and mucous erosion

 Stomach biopsy, to test for gastritis and other conditions

 How is Gastritis diagnosed?

In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic

procedures for gastritis may include the following:

 gastroscopy - during the procedure, the physician inserts a thin tube with a camera,
called a gastroscope, through the patient's mouth down into the stomach to examine
the stomach lining. The physician checks for inflammation of the lining and may
remove a tiny sample of the lining for testing (known as a biopsy).

 blood test - to measure red blood cells and possibly detect anemia - a condition
where there are not enough red blood cells present, which can cause gastritis

 stool culture - checks for the presence of abnormal bacteria in the digestive tract that
may cause diarrhea and other problems. A small sample of stool is collected and
sent to a laboratory by your physician's office. In two or three days, the test will show
whether abnormal bacteria are present; presence of blood in the stool may be a sign
of gastritis.
Treatment

Specific treatment for gastritis will be determined by your physician based on:
 your age, overall health, and medical history

 extent of the condition

 your tolerance of specific medicines, procedures, or therapies

 expectations for the course of the condition

 your opinion or preference

- Generally, treatment for gastritis involves antacids and other medications aimed at
reducing stomach acid, relieving symptoms, and promoting the healing of the
stomach lining, as acid irritates the inflamed tissue. If the gastritis is related to an
illness or infection, that problem will be treated as well.

- Patients are also advised to avoid foods, beverages, or medications that cause
symptoms or irritate the lining of the stomach. If the gastritis is related to smoking,
quitting is recommended.
Data and Statistics of Gastritis
Society statistics for Gastritis
Hospitalization statistics for Gastritis:
The following are statistics from various sources about hospitalizations and Gastritis:

 0.65% (83,242) of hospital consultant episodes were for gastritis and duodenitis in England 2002-
03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
 85% of hospital consultant episodes for gastritis and duodenitis required hospital admission in
England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
 49% of hospital consultant episodes for gastritis and duodenitis were for men in England 2002-03
(Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
 51% of hospital consultant episodes for gastritis and duodenitis were for women in England 2002-
03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
 17% of hospital consultant episodes for gastritis and duodenitis required emergency hospital
admission in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-
03)
 6.4 days was the mean length of stay in hospitals for gastritis and duodenitis in England 2002-03
(Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
 3 days was the median length of stay in hospitals for gastritis and duodenitis in England 2002-03
(Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
 56 was the mean age of patients hospitalised for gastritis and duodenitis in England 2002-03
(Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
 48% of hospital consultant episodes for gastritis and duodenitis occurred in 15-59 year olds in
England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
 21% of hospital consultant episodes for gastritis and duodenitis occurred in people over 75 in
England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
 69% of hospital consultant episodes for gastritis and duodenitis were single day episodes in
England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
 0.18% (94,063) of hospital bed days were for gastritis and duodenitis in England 2002-03 (Hospital
Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
Data and Statistics on Gastritis from UK, England
Closing/Conclusion

 Most people recover from gastritis. Depending on the many factors that affect
your stomach lining, gastritis symptoms may flare up from time to time. Overall,
gastritis is generally a common, mildly troubling ailment that responds well to
simple treatments.

 On occasion, rare forms of gastritis can be serious or even life threatening.

Severe, ongoing symptoms or internal bleeding should alert your health care
provider to search for a more serious underlying cause.
Acknowledgement

I would like to thank Pn. Hjh. Che Ratni bt. Muhammad, my Biology’s teacher who
guided me on how to make this presentation. Hence, thank you to my mum Pn. Haslina
Munawarah bt. Hj. Muhamad who has been helped me on my needed. Also to my
friends that helped me on giving some information about this presentation. Thank you.
References

 Website:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastritis
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/gastritis/page11_em.htm