Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ISPA
By. ILYA
DEFINISI ISPA
Infeksi
Etiologi
Bakteri penyebab
Virus penyebab
Virus
Influenzae A, B, C,
virus Parainfluenzae 1, 2, 3, 4,
virus Respiratory Syncytial (RSV),
Adenovirus,
Rhinovirus
dan Enterovirus.
Penatalaksanaan
Pendidikan kesehatan
Peningkatan cakupan imunisasi
difteri, pertusis dan morbili
Diagnosis
Diagnosis klinis
Pemeriksaan bakteriologik, pemeriksaan
antigen, antibodi dan CRP
Virus sebagai penyebab: pemeriksaan kultur
Pemeriksaan mikroskop elektron,
imunofloresen, enzim,redioimmunoassay,
haemagglutination, haernadsorption dan
deteksi IgM spesifik waktu lebih singkat
sehingga deteksi virus secara dini dapat
dilakukan untuk mencegah penyebaran dan
penggunaan antibiotika yang tidak rasional.
PENGOBATAN
Tirah Baring
pengobatan penunjang:
dekongestan, asetaminofen,dll
Antibiotika
Penyebab terbanyak virus ;
antibiotik tidak rasional kecuali pada
sinusitis, tonsilitis eksudatif,
faringitis eksudatif dan radang
telinga tengah
Disorders of Nose
and Sinuses
Epistaxis
Nasal Polyps
Sinusitis
Malignant Disorder
Cancer of larynx
Infectious
Disorders
Rhinitis
Pharyngitis
Acute and
Chronic
Laryngitis
Tonsillitis/Adenoidit
is
Influenza
Nasopharyngitis
Patologi
Edema
Vasodilatasi pada submukosa
Produksi mukus meningkat
PATOFISIOLOGI ISPA
Komplikasi
Otitis media
Mastoiditis
Selulitis paratonsiler
Sinusitis,dll
Pencegahan
Hindari kontak
Penyebaran melalui bersin, batuk
Kontak tangan dengan bahan yang
terinfeksi
Pengobatan
Cold Self-Care
Avoid
Spreading the
infection
Treat Symptoms
Analgesics
Decongestants
Antihistamines
Therapeutic management:
- Mostly treated at home , no vaccine, antipyretics for
fever.
- Decongestants: nose drops more effective than orally.
- Cough: suppressant 22% with alcohol but not for
young child.
- Antihistamine are ineffective.
- Antibiotic: usually not indication.
Nursing consideration:
For nasal obstruction: elevate head of bed, suctioning
and vaporization, saline nasal drops.
Maintain adequate fluid intake to prevent dehydration.
Avoiding spread the virus.
Pharyngitis
Clinical manifestation:
Painful Throat
Tonsilar Lymph nodes
large/tender
Fever
Malaise
Nonproductive cough
Therapeutic management:
- If streptococcal sore throat infection: oral Penicillin for 10
days ,or IM Benzathine penicillin G.
Oral Erythromycin if the child has allergy to penicillin.
Nursing consideration:
- Obtain throat swab for culture.
Administer penicillin & analgesic.
Cold or warm compresses to the neck may provide relief.
Tonsillitis/Adenoiditis
Clinical manifestation:
enlarge
Voice hoarseness
malaise, myalgia
Tonsils: red, swollen exudate
Adenoids: snoring, nasal obstruction,
Tonsilitis
Treatment
Therapeutic management:
throat culture to determine the causative agent ,viral or bacterial as
GABHS.
Tonsillectomy & adenoidectomy (T&S) or (Ts &As).
Contraindicating for Ts &As: cleft palate, tonsillitis, blood disorder.
Nursing consideration:
Providing comfort & maintain minimize activities.
A soft or liquid diet is prescribed.
Warm salt water gargles
Analgesic, antipyretic.
Influenza
Headache, Fever,
Muscle aches, and
Malaise.
Flu usually lasts One
Week.
Three Types
Influenza A
Influenza B
Influenza C
Treatment
Medical:
Symptomatic tx
Nursing:
Acetaminophen
Rest, Fluids
ABX (bacterial)
Antiviral (virus)
Symmetrel, zanamivir,
tamiflu
Monitor for
complications (v/s, resp
status)
Comfort measures
Hydration, nutrition
Educate: prevention
handwashing