SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH INTEGRASI GOPENG

CHAPTER 3 :
COORDINATION
&
RESPONSE
Prepared by :EN. MUHD FAZLI BIN DOLLAH
Biology Teacher

LEARNING OUTCOMES
To list the changes in external &
internal environment faced by an
organism,
To state why organisms have to be
sensitive to changes in internal &
external environment,
To clarify through examples the
meaning of stimulus &
response.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
state the main components and pathways
involved in detecting and responding to
changes in external environment,
state the main components and pathways
involved in detecting and regulating
changes in internal environment,
clarify through examples the meaning of
coordination.

 Human beings are able to respond to

changes in the environment.
External environment not same all the
time. (hotter, brighter, cooler, quiet,
noise).
Internal environment also not same all the
time. (body temperature, blood sugar
level, osmotic pressure)
When there is a change in the
environment (internal/external), our body
will be able to sense it & respond to it. 5

 Any changes in the environment which

can trigger response stimulus (plural :
stimuli)
Reaction towards a stimulus response
External stimuli : light, sound, smell,
taste, temperature, pressure & touch.
Internal stimuli : blood sugar level,
osmotic pressure, blood pH level

Examples of responses to
external stimuli :
Woodlice moving away from bright light
The blare of a cars horn alerting you to a
possible mishap on the road
Plant wilting in hot weather
Male insects sensing the presence of female
insects miles away due to the presence of
pheromones in the air.

Examples of responses to
internal stimuli :
Blood vessels dilating when blood pressure
increases
The rate of ventilation increasing when [CO2]
in the blood increases
Urine becoming more acidic to counteract the
effect of a drop in blood pH
Body posture adjusting after the brain has
analysed information from stretch receptors in
skeletal muscles & tendons.

 Necessity for organism to respond to

stimuli :
To ensure their survival. (responding appropriately
to the sight & sound of an oncoming car can save
ones life)
Need for maintaining a constant internal
environment (for normal functioning of enzymes &
body cells)

Organs / tissues that carried out

responses effectors.
Examples : muscles & glands (sweat
glands, salivary glands & adrenal glands).

Plant responses to external stimuli may be

grouped into 2 categories :

Tropisms

Nasties

Movement of part of a
Movement of part of a
plant to an external stimulus plant in response to an
external stimulus
The response is directed by
the stimulus, that is, either
The response in nontowards or away from the
directional
stimulus.
Usually involves changes in
Growth is involved
turgidity of cells
Example : shoots are +vely Example : Mimosa pudica
phototrophic, but vely
show seismonastic
geotrophic.
responses (due to touch)

LEARNING OUTCOMES
To state the main components & pathways involved in
detecting & responding to changes in external
environment,
To state the main components & pathways involved in
detecting & regulating changes in internal environment,
To clarify through examples the meaning of coordination.

Components & Pathways Involved

in Detecting & Responding to
Changes in the External
Environment
A receptor = a cell / group of cells which can
detect a certain kind of stimulus.
Animal : external stimuli are detected by
receptors located near the surface of the body.
Receptor (detect stimulus) send signal
(nerve impulse) nerve cell integrating
centre (brain) integrates + interprets
impulses send impulses to effectors
certain responses.

RECEPTORS WHICH CAN

RESPONDS TO EXTERNAL
STIMULI

STIMULUS

TYPES OF
RECEPTOR

LOCATION OF
RECEPTOR

Light

Photoreceptor

Eyes

Sound

Mechanoreceptor

Ears

Chemical

Chemoreceptor

Nose & tongue

Touch

Mechanoreceptor

Skin

Air
temperature

Thermoreceptor

Skin

Pressure

Mechanoreceptor

Skin & ears

Pain

Pain receptor

Skin

Gravity

Mechanoreceptor

Ears

 The pathway of impulses:

Receptor integrating centre : the
afferent pathway
Integrating centre effector : the
efferent pathway

The regulation & control of the

activities of various parts of a body
so that the organism can function as
an entity coordination (two main
system : nervous system +
endocrine system)

STIMULUS
External/intern
al

RECEPTO
R
Cell/orga
n

Afferent
pathway

Brain/spinal
cord

INTEGRATIN
G CENTRE
Efferent
pathway

RESPONSE
Movement,
secretion,
behaviour

EFFECTO
Muscles/gland
R
s

Components & Pathways Involved in

Detecting & Responding to Changes
in the internal Environment
Internal stimuli are detected by receptors
located deeper inside the body & response
is sometime not seen from the outside.
In regulating the internal environment,
negative feedback is involved.
When there is a change in the internal
environment, the body will respond by
producing a corrective mechanism in the
opposite direction.

RECEPTORS WHICH CAN

RESPONDS TO INTERNAL STIMULI
STIMULUS

TYPES OF
RECEPTOR

LOCATION OF
RECEPTOR

Body
temperature

Thermoreceptor

In the hypothalamus

Osmotic
concentratio
n of blood

Osmoreceptor

In the hypothalamus

pH of blood
(CO2
content)

Chemoreceptor

In the medulla
oblongata, in the
wall of aorta &
carotid artery

Blood sugar

Chemoreceptor

In the pancreas

Blood
pressure

Baroreceptor

In the wall of the

heart & certain

 Example : body temperature rises

above normal body generate
cooling responses (sweating) body
temperature falls to normal level
again.
Osmotic concentration of blood falls
below normal (dilute) after drinking
too much water body will respond
by frequent urination osmotic
concentration of blood rises to normal.

CORRECTIVE
MECHANISM
S
E
S
RI

FA
LL
S

NORMAL

L
FA
LS

CORRECTIVE
MECHANISM

RI
SE
S

NORMAL