PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

(FIRST AID)

Disediakan oleh;
Kpt. (KRS) Rohaidah Bakar
Professionally coordinates by:

Members and Affiliations:

DOLIDIAS Malaysia
No. 21, Jalan P9B/10, Presint 9, 62500 Putrajaya
Tel/Fax 03 8881 1925 . Cellphone 012 635 3070 . www.mainayaq.com

First Aid Unit

PERTOLONGAN

CEMAS

Professionally coordinates by:

PENGENALAN

(1)

PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

Rawatan sementara waktu yang

diberikan kepada mangsa; sebelum
tibanya bantuan perubatan.
Variasi nama:
First Aid
Bantu Mula
Pertolongan Cemas
Professionally
coordinates by:

PENGENALAN

(1)

PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

OBJEKTIF

Menyelamat nyawa
Mengelak mangsa cedera lebih serius
Mengurangkan kesakitan
Menguruskan pemindahan ke hospital

Professionally
coordinates by:

PENGENALAN

(1)

PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

APA ITU KECEMASAN?

Sesuatu situasi kritikal yang

mengancam nyawa
Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera,
kesakitan mangsa menjadi lebih
serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin
menyebabkan kematian
Professionally
coordinates by:

PENGENALAN

(1)

PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

CIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMAT

Bertanggungjawab
Berjiwa cekal, waras dan tenang
Mengamati prinsip keselamatan diri
Berpengetahuan dan berkeyakinan
Terlatih
Professionally
coordinates by:

PERALATAN

(2)
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS

ISI KOTAK FIRST AID

11)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Professionally
coordinates by:

10)

Termometer
Mangkuk Enamel
Ubat Cium
Asprin
Panadol
Ubat Melepuh
Kain Pembalut Luka
Kain Tekap
Kapas
Gunting

12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)

Kain Kapas
Pin Semat
Elastoplast
Ubat Luka
Papan Tuap
Kain Segitiga
Ubat Cuci Mata
Pembalut Berelastik
Pembalut Pembebat
Pembalut Terbuka
Adesif Lekat Sendiri

PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

(3)

Pembebatan

digunakan untuk menutup luka

dan mengawal pendarahan.
Pembalut

dilakukan untuk membantu

pembebatan.

Professionally
coordinates by:

PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

(3)

PEMBEBATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:

PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

(3)

JENIS KAIN PEMBALUT

Pembalut Tiga

Segi
Pembalut Lebar
Pembalut Kecil
Pembalut Gulung

Professionally
coordinates by:

PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

(3)

Pembalut Tiga

Professionally
coordinates by:

Segi

PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT

(3)

Lipatan Tiga

Professionally
coordinates by:

Segi

IKATAN,

4.

? ANDUH
Ikatan

BALUTAN &

? Balutan
? Anduh

Professionally
coordinates by:

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

IKATAN
Simpul Sila

Professionally
coordinates by:

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

JENIS BALUTAN LUKA

Luka Tangan
Luka Dada
Luka Bahu
Luka Peha
Luka Siku
Luka Lengan
Luka Lutut
Luka Jari
Professionally
coordinates by:

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

Balutan

Luka Tangan

Professionally
coordinates by:

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

Balutan

Professionally
coordinates by:

Luka Tangan

 Balutan

Luka Tangan

Professionally
coordinates by:

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

 Balutan

Professionally
coordinates by:

Luka Dada

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

Luka di bahagian depan

 Balutan

Professionally
coordinates by:

Luka Dada

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

Luka di bahagian belakang

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

Balutan

Luka Bahu
1

Professionally
coordinates by:

 Balutan

Luka Peha

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

1
2
3

Professionally
coordinates by:

 Balutan

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

Luka Siku

1
2

Professionally
coordinates by:

 Balutan

Luka Lutut

Professionally
coordinates by:

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

 Balutan

Professionally
coordinates by:

Luka Lengan

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

 Balutan

Luka Jari

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

3
Professionally
coordinates by:

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

JENIS ANDUH
Anduh

Besar
Anduh Kecil
Anduh Pergelangan Tangan
Anduh Menaik

Professionally
coordinates by:

 Anduh

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

Besar
2

Professionally
coordinates by:

 Anduh

Menaik
1

Professionally
coordinates by:

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

 Pembalut
1

Professionally
coordinates by:

IKATAN, BALUTAN &

ANDUH

(4)

Cincin
2

JENIS-JENIS LUKA
1) Luka Terhiris

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

2) Luka Terkoyak

Professionally
coordinates by:

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

3) Luka Tertikam / Tembus

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

4) Luka Lebam

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

5) Luka Kena Tembak

Professionally
coordinates by:

CARA MENAHAN DARAH

Professionally
coordinates by:

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

6) Luka Kecil

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

CARA RAWATAN

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

7) Luka di Perut

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

8) Luka di Dada

Professionally
coordinates by:

9) Pendarahan bahagian
dalam Telinga

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

PATUKAN ULAR

4.

Di

Malaysia terdapat
141 spesis ular, di
mana 37 daripadanya
adalah berbisa.

Terbahagi

kepada 21
Ular Laut dan 16 Ular
Darat.

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

SIMPTOM / TANDA AWAL

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Professionally
coordinates by:

Sepasang lubang bekas patukkan.

Terasa sakit yang amat pada tempat yang
kena patuk.
Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling patukkan.
Pernafasan yang tercungap-cungap
Kemungkinan terhenti pernafasan.
Berpeluh dan penglihatan berpinar-pinar.

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

BAHAYA
Patukan

ular berbisa bergantung kepada

spesis, amaun racun, kedudukan dan
kedalaman patukkan.

Boleh

membawa kepada maut.

Mangsa
Professionally
coordinates by:

rasa terkejut dan cemas.

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

SAIZ PATUKAN

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

KESAN PATUKAN

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

TERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECUR

5.

Terkelar, terbakar

dan melecur adalah

sama keadaannya.
Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap
kecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar
melibatkan kecederaan yang lebih
serius daripada melecur.
Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

MELECUR DAN LEBAM

Disebabkan terkena:
Air panas
Minyak panas
Wap panas

Professionally
coordinates by:

Simptom:
Kulit melecur dan
kemerahan
Bahagian terbakar
mengelembung dan
bengkak dengan cepat
Sakit yang amat sangat

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

CARA RAWATAN
1.
2.

3.
4.
Professionally
coordinates by:

Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk

dan selesa.
Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada
anggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin,
jam tangan, dll.
Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan
makanan.
Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

CARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGAN

1

Professionally
coordinates by:

RENJATAN ELEKTRIK

6.

Renjatan

elektrik boleh
menyebabkan maut,
mungkin mereka yang
cuba membantu turut
menemui maut.

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

LANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBIL

Matikan suis atau suis utama dan

pastikan elektrik sudah terputus.
Menggunakan penebat untuk
menyelamatkan mangsa:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Professionally
coordinates by:

Gunakan galah yang panjang dan kering

Kerusi kayu
Tikar getah
Kain sal (tuala yang kering)
Plastik tebal
Tali atau tali nylon yang kering

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

CARA MENGALIH BAHAYA

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

CARA RAWATAN
Sekiranya

mangsa tidak bernafas,

pulihkan pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut.
Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR.
Jika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatan
terbakar.
Segerakan mangsa ke hospital.
Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

PATAH & TERSELIUH

Kecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retak .
Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku
disebabkan pukulan secara langsung atau
tidak langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang
tinggi, tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih,
tembakan atau perlanggaran dan sebagainya.

7.

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

JENIS-JENIS PATAH

Professionally
coordinates by:

Patah tebu

Patah kayu
muda

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

JENIS-JENIS PATAH

Professionally
coordinates by:

Patah riuk

Patah melarat

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

SIMPTOM
Lebam dan bengkak
Anggota tidak dapat digerakkan
Terluka atau berubah bentuk
Tajam/berbonjol pada kulit
Sakit

Professionally
coordinates by:

CARA RAWATAN

BLANKET LIFT: Preparation

Professionally
coordinates by:

CARA RAWATAN

BLANKET LIFT: Rolling On

Professionally
coordinates by:

CARA RAWATAN

BLANKET LIFT: Lifting

Professionally
coordinates by:

TERCEKIK

8.

Professionally
coordinates by:

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

LEMAS DI AIR

9.

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

RAWATAN
Lakukan pemeriksaan asas seperti,
periksa pernafasan dan nadi.
Periksa tahap kesedaran, buka salur
pernafasan.
Jika perlu lakukan CPR.

Professionally
coordinates by:

KERACUNAN

10.

Apa-apa

bahan jika
dimasukkan ke
dalam kuantiti yang
mencukupi boleh
mengakibatkan
kemudaratan.

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

PUNCA KERACUNAN
Mulut makan, minum
Paru-paru sedut gas/asap
Suntikan gigitan, patukan, jarum
Kulit semburan racun perosak

Professionally
coordinates by:

JENIS KEMALANGAN &

CARA RAWATAN

(5)

RAWATAN
1. Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat.
2. Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat.
3. Kesan melecur pada mulut beri minum air
atau susu sedikit demi sedikit.
4. Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma.
5. Jika tidak sedar lakukan primary survey.

Professionally
coordinates by:

PEMULIHAN

(6)

PERNAFASAN

TEKNIK-TEKNIK

Melalui
cara:
1. Resusitasi secara hembusan (mulut ke mulut)
2. Resusitasi secara tekanan (kardio-pulmonari)
3. Holger Nielson
Professionally
coordinates by:

Professionally
coordinates by:

Holger Neilson

PEMULIHAN

(6)

PERNAFASAN

Professionally
coordinates by:

Holger Neilson

PEMULIHAN

(6)

PERNAFASAN

Professionally
coordinates by:

Rescue Breathing
Is

a way of breathing air into an unconscious

victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.

CPR (on adults & large children)

(see handout)

Giving

chest compressions.

Position

the heel of the right hand on the lower half of the

breast bone, right between the nipples.
Position left hand on top of the right hand.
Position shoulders directly over the hands and push
straight down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 2
inches.
15

chest compressions, then 2 breaths.

After

3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.

RICE Treatment

Rest

Ice

For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severe injuries.

Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying cold
helps reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.

Compression
Wrap

tight!

the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not too

Elevation
Raise

the injured part above heart level to reduce swelling

and drain blood and fluid from the area.

AED (Automated External

Defibrillator)

What

is an automated external defibrillator

(AED)?
An AED is a device about the size of a laptop
computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm for
any abnormalities and, if necessary, directs
the rescuer to deliver an electrical shock to
the victim. This shock, called defibrillation,
may help the heart to reestablish an effective
rhythm of its own.

 How

AED (Automated External

Defibrillator)

does an AED work?

An AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts to
instruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on,
the rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodes
provided with the AED to the victim's chest. Once
applied, the AED will begin to monitor the victim's
heart rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the
machine will charge itself and instruct the rescuer to
stand clear of the victim and to press the shock
button.

AED (Automated External

Defibrillator)

AEDs are

required to be in most large public

buildings.
Such as malls, schools, and stadiums.

Splints
A material

or device used to protect and

immobilize a body part.
A splint should be used only if it can be
applied without hurting the victim.
Two Types of Splints
Soft

splints are made from blankets, towels,

sheets, or bandages.
Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers
or boards.

Appling Splints
Attempt

to splint the injury in the position you

find it.
Make sure it is not too tight!
On Fractured Bones
Must

include the joint above and below the injured

bone.

On

Injured Joints

Must

include the bone above and below the

injured joint.

Slings
Is

a wide piece of cloth looped under an

inured arm for support.
Example: Triangular Bandage

Treatments for Common

Injuries

Types Bleeding Wounds

Bruise
Is

a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under

the skin.

Incision
Is

a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a

razor, scissors, broken glass.

Laceration
Is

a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of

the skin.

Types Bleeding Wounds

Abrasion
AKA a

scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping

away the skin.

Avulsion
Is

a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separated

or completely torn away from the body.

Puncture
Is

a wound produced when a pointed instrument or

projectile pierces the skin.
The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.

Controlling Bleeding
What

is the procedure for controlling bleeding

that we covered last class?

Shock
Is

a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the

body tissues.
Signs of shock includerapid, shallow
breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak
pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting.
What is the treatment for shock that we
covered last class?

Fractures
Is

a break or crack in a bone.

Two Types
Open

Fracture

There

Closed

is also a break in the skin.

Fracture

There

is no break in the skin.

Treatment
Treat

for bleeding and shock, splint the injury,

apply ice.

Dislocations
Is

the movement of a bone away from its joint.

Treatment
Splint

above and below the dislocated joint, apply

a cold compress.
Never try and set a dislocation!

Sprains and Strains

Sprain

is an injury to the ligaments, tendons,

and soft tissue around a joint caused by
undue stretching.
Strain is an overstretching of muscles and/or
tendons.
Treatment Apply the RICE treatment.

Weather Related Injuries

Heat

Cramps are painful muscle spasms in the

legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss through
sweating.
Treatment

have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drink

cool water; and stretch stiff muscles.

Heat

Exhaustion is extreme tiredness due to the

bodys inability to regulate its temperature.
Treatment

have victim lie down with feet elevated in a

cool, shaded area; give cool water to drink.

Weather Related Injuries

Heat

Stroke is an overheating of the body

that is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so
that the body cannot regulate its temperature.
Treatment

have victim lie in cool, wet towels or

sheets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits,
and groin.

Weather Related Injuries

Frostbite

is the freezing of body parts, often

the tissues of the extremities.
Treatment

do not attempt rewarming; handle the

affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.

Hypothermia

is a reduction of the body

temperature so that it is lower than normal.
Treatment

move the victim to a warm

environment; remove any wet clothing; cover their
head with blankets.