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Introduction To Science, Practice and Ethics: Clinical Psychology
Introduction To Science, Practice and Ethics: Clinical Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Science, Practice and Ethics
Chapter 3
Psychological Models in Clinical
Psychology
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Dangers of models
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed
psychoanalysis as
(1) a theory of psychological development,
personality, and neurosis;
(2) a method for studying symbolic cognitive
processes and the unconscious; and
(3) a technique of psychotherapy.
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
There are 3 intertwined strands:
a structural theory of personality and the
topography of the mind
a theory of development positing a series of standard
psychosexual stages, each marked by
conscience
ego ideal
STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT
ORAL
ANAL
PHALLIC
LATENCY
GENITAL
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
these were described by Anna Freud
examples include:
REPRESSION
PROJECTION
DENIAL
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
these were described by Anna Freud
examples include:
REPRESSION
PROJECTION
DENIAL
Projective tests
agreed that
but he rejected
the stages of psychosexual development
the Oedipus complex
and stressed instead each individuals search for a
ADLER (continued)
in the process we form conclusions that
ADLER (continued)
These implicit convictions include
the self-concept (the sense of who one is)
the self-ideal (the sense of who one should
be)
the world-concept (the sense of what the
natural and social world demands)
the ethical convictions (the sense of what is
right and wrong)
ADLER (continued)
discrepancies between self-concept and self-
The NEO-FREUDIANS
the terms include ego psychology, object relations,
Sullivan (continued)
the self consists of the reflected appraisals of
INTERPERSONAL THEORY
interpersonal theory stems from the work of
INTERPERSONAL THEORY
(continued) . . .
mental disorders are seen as rooted in the
Influences continued
interpersonal psychotherapists have shown that one
Humanism
a loosely grouped set of approaches to
psychotherapy
Emphasize potential for positive development
and personal growth
Related to existentialists
Existential philosophy emphasizes freedom to
choose
With freedom comes responsibility
Client-Centered Therapy
Carl Rogers (1902- 1987)
Developed thinking about psychotherapy in
Assumptions of client-centered
therapy
Actualizing tendency
Orgasmic Valuing Process
Trusting our innate sense of what feels right people will
move toward actualizing tendency
Conditions of Worth
Therapeutic Principles
Nondirective
Therapist-offered conditions
Empathy
Unconditional Positive Regard
Genuineness
Behavioral Models
treatment
Hans Eyesenck
Monte Shapiro
United States
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
Learning Theory
Classical conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement
Schedules of reinforcement
Extinction
Cognitive Model
Cognitive therapy
Albert Ellis
Albert Bandura
Observational learning
psychology)
Social learning theory an expansion of classic
learning theory