Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

I. Cc l thuyt c in v thng mi quc

t
II. Cc l thuyt mi v thng mi quc t
III. Li ch ca ngoi thng
IV. Ngoi thng ca mt nn kinh t m,
quy m nh

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

I. Cc l thuyt c in v thng mi quc t

Quan nim ca cc hc gi trng thng
Quan im ca Adam Smith (L thuyt li th tuyt i)
Quan im ca David Ricardo (Li th so snh)
Quan im ca J.Stuart Mill (L thuyt v gi tr quc t,
mi tng quan ca cu)
Quan im ca Heckscher-Ohlin (L thuyt v t l cc yu
t)
Quan im ca C.Mac v ngoi thng
Nhn xt v cc gi thuyt

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

1.Quan nim ca cc hc gi trng thng

Hon cnh ra i: Thi k tch lu nguyn thu ca CNTB
Quan im:
Thc o s giu c ca mi quc gia l lng vng,
bc ca quc gia
COI TRNG NGOI THNG
- Xut khu cng nhiu cng tt, u tin xut khu thnh
phm
- Hn ch nhp khu, c bit l nhp khu thnh phm
- Khuyn khch ch hng bng tu ca nc mnh
- S can thip ca nh nc vo hot ng ngoi thng
CH NGHA TRNG THNG MI ?
(NEW MERCHANTILISM)
3

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

1.Quan nim ca cc hc gi trng thng

u im:
L nhng t tng u tin c tnh khoa hc v TMQT
cp n vai tr ca Nh nc.
L mt trong nhng c s l lun quan trng nhm
ph v tnh t cung, t cp ca PTSX phong kin
Nhc im:
Cha c c s khoa hc (c bit l l lun) gii
thch c bn cht vn
Coi hng ha l thc o s giu c.
...
Kh nng p dng: ?
4

2.

thuyt v li th tuyt
(Theory of Absolute Advantage)

- Tc gi: Adam Smith (1723

1790)
- Tc phm: The Wealth of Nations
(1776)
- Quan im: s giu c, phn thnh
ca mt quc gia ph thuc vo s
hng ha v dch v m quc gia
sn c trong nc.

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

2. L thuyt v li th tuyt i
Li th tuyt i cp n s lng ca mt loi sn
phm c th c sn xut ra, s dng cng mt n v ngun
lc hai nc khc nhau.

Go

Vi

Vit nam

Hn quc

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

2. L thuyt v li th tuyt i
Chuyn mt n v ngun lc ca Vit nam sang sn
xut go v mt n v ngun lc ca Hn quc sang sn xut
vi.

Vit nam

Hn quc

Cng

Go

+2

-2

Vi vc

-1

+4

+3

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca

ngoi thng

2. L thuyt v li th tuyt i

Vit Nam: b 1v vi SX go
Hn Quc: b 1v go SX vi

Th hin trong trao i thng mi quc t

XK go li 20 v nhp khu vi so vi gi th gii li 30 Tng s li hn trc khi c TMQT l 50
XK vi li 20 v nhp khu vi so vi gi th gii li 10 Tng s li hn trc khi c TMQT l 30

hao phi LXH

TB ca VN

hao phi LXH

TB ca TG

hao phi LXH

TB ca HQ

h/vsp

h/vsp

h/vsp

Go

70

90

100

Vi

110

80

60

hao ph
LXH

Mt hng

Ngun gc li th tuyt i
Li th do t nhin (tnh)
Li th do n lc (ng).
Do chuyn su v mt lnh vc nn ngi lao ng s
tr nn thnh tho v lnh ngh hn.
Do lm mt cng vic lu di nn ngi L s ny
sinh nhng sng kin, phng php nng cao hiu qu ca qu
trnh SX.
Tit kim c thi gian do ngi L khng phi
chuyn t vic SX sp ny sang sp khc.
u nhc im

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

3. L thuyt v li th so snh ca D.Ricardo

Nu nh khi nim li th tuyt i c xy
dng trn c s s khc bit v lng ngun lc cn c
SX 1 n v sn phm cc quc gia khc nhau (hay
hiu qu sn xut tuyt i), th li th so snh li xut
pht t CHI PH C HI (hay hiu qu SX tng i).

10

Bn cht ca li th so snh
Sn phm

Anh

La m (kg/gi)

Vi (mt/gi)

Anh c bt li th tuyt i so vi M sn xut c 2 loi

sn phm (la m v vi)
Anh c li th so snh v vi
M c li th so snh v la m

CX-A / CX-B < CY-A / CY-B

Bn cht ca li th so snh
Sn phm

Anh

La m (kg/gi)

Vi (mt/gi)

Anh c bt li th tuyt i so vi M sn xut c 2 loi

sn phm (la m v vi)
Anh c li th so snh v vi
M c li th so snh v la m

Sau khi chuyn mn ha, Anh chuyn 3 ngun lc t la

m sang sn xut vi, M chuyn 1 ngun lc t la m sang sn
xut la m :
Sn phm

Anh

Tng SL

La m (kg/gi)

+6

-3

+3

Vi (mt/gi)

-4

+6

+2

Chng 2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi

thng
3. L thuyt v li th so
snh ca D.Ricardo
Th hin trong trao i thng mi
quc t
Vit Nam: b 1v vi SX go
XK go l -10 v nhp khu vi
so vi gi th gii li +50 Tng s
li hn trc khi c TMQT l +40
Hn Quc: b 1v go SX vi
XK vi l -10 v nhp khu
vi so vi gi th gii li 30 Tng
s li hn trc khi c TMQT l
20

hao ph
LXH

Mt hng

hao
hao phi
phi
LXH
LXH TB ca
TB
TG
ca
h/vsp
VN

hao phi
LXH
TB ca
HQ

h/vsp

h/vs
p

Go

100

90

120

Vi

130

80

90

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

2. L thuyt v li th so snh ca D.Ricardo

Go
Vi
Vit nam (vsp/h ld)

Hn quc
(vsp/h ld)

Chi ph c hi ca mt hng X l s lng mt hng Y cn

c ct gim sn xut thm mt n v hng ha X

14

Vit Nam
Hn quc

Go

Vi

2/1 vi
4/3 vi

1/2 go
3/4 go

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

2. L thuyt v li th so snh ca D.Ricardo

- Nc A c coi l c li th so snh v mt hng X
nu chi ph c hi sn xut mt hng X nc A thp hn
chi phi c hi ca mt hng X nc B.
- Mi nc u c li khi tham gia phn cng lao ng
quc t nh vic chuyn mn ha vo sn xut mt hng m
mnh c li th so snh, sau trao i ly mt hng m mnh
bt li th so snh.

15

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

CU HI
C S CA THNG MI QUC T L LI TH SO
SNH

1. Mt nc c li th so snh v mt mt hng th
nc cng c li th tuyt i v mt hng
2. Khi mt nc c li th tuyt i v mt mt hng
th nc cng c li th so snh v mt hng
3. Mt nc c li th tuyt i mi c c li ch
trong bun bn quc t
4. Li th tuyt i nu thiu li th so snh th
khng th c li ch thng mi
16

Trng hp c bit
Sn phm

Anh

La m (kg/gi)

Vi (mt/gi)

Li th tuyt i nu thiu li th so snh th khng c li

ch t trao i

H s biu th li th so snh vit tt l RCA

(the Coefficient of Revealed Comparative Advantage)
Cng thc:

E XA E XW
RCA
:
E A Ew
ngha:

Trong :
EXA: Gi tr XK sn phm X ca quc gia A
EA: Tng gi tr XK ca quc gia A
EXW : Gi tr XK sn phm X ca ton th
gii
Ew: Tng gi tr XK ca ton th gii.

Ch ra kh nng cnh tranh xut khu ca mt quc gia v mt sn phm

xc nh trong mi tng quan vi mc xut khu th gii ca sn phm
RCA <1:
1<RCA <2.5:
RCA 2.5:

Sn phm khng c li th so snh

Sn phm c li th so snh cao
Sn phm c li th so snh rt cao

H s RCA ca mt s mt hng xut khu

ca Vit Nam

C li th so
snh

Li th so
snh tng

Li th so
snh khng
i

Li th so
snh gim

Ch
Giy dp
Thy sn

Cao su
Dt may
Du th

Go
C ph

Khng c li ng tu
th so snh
t
in t

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

4. Quan im ca J.Stuart Mill (L thuyt v gi tr

quc t, mi tng quan ca cu):
Gii hn t l trao i mu dch chnh l nhng t
l trao i trong nc, tu nng sut tng i ca mi
quc gia.
Trong gii hn ny, t l mu dch thc s tu
thuc vo s cu ca mi nc i vi sn phm ca
nc khc
T l trao i ny s n nh khi xut khu ca
mt quc gia va trang tri s nhp khu ca quc
gia .
20

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

Go

Vi

Vit nam

Hn quc

T l trao i trong nc:

Vit Nam:
1 go = 2 vi 2 go = 4 vi
Hn quc:
3 go = 4 vi
T l trao i quc t:
4 vi = 2 go n 3 go
21

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

Go

Vi

Vit nam

-2

+4

Hn quc

+3

-4

Vit Nam: di chuyn 2h lao ng

Chuyn mn ha: +4 vi 2 go
Trao i
- 4 vi + 2,5 go
Tng:
+ 0,5 go

22

Hn quc: di chuyn 2h lao ng

Chuyn mn ha: -4 vi + 3 go
Trao i
+ 4 vi - 2,5 go
Tng:
+ 0,5 go

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

5. Quan im ca Heckscher-Ohlin (L thuyt v t l cc yu

t)
Khi nim hm lng cc yu t:
Mt hng X c coi l s dng nhiu (mt cch tng
i) lao ng nu t l gia lng lao ng v cc yu t
khc (vn) s dng sn xut ra mt n v mt hng
ln hn t l tng ng cc yu t sn xut ra mt
n v mt hng Y khc.
LX/KX > LY/ KY
Khi nim v s di do tng i ca cc yu t:
Quc gia A c coi l di do tng i v lao ng nu t
l gia lng lao ng v cc yu t sn xut khc ca quc
gia ln hn t l tng ng ca quc gia khc.
LA/KA > LB/KB
23

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

5. Quan im ca Heckscher-Ohlin (L thuyt v t l cc yu

t)
Mt quc gia s xut khu nhng mt hng m vic sn xut
i hi s dng nhiu mt cch tng i yu t sn xut di
do ca quc gia .

24

Xu hng bin ng ca t l L/K ca

Vit Nam, Thi Lan v Trung Quc

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

5. Quan im ca Heckscher-Ohlin (L thuyt v t l cc yu

t)

nh l cn bng gi c yu t sn xut:
Thng mi t do s lm cho gi c cc yu t sn xut c
xu hng tr nn cn bng v nu hai quc gia tip tc sn
xut c hai mt hng (chuyn mn ha khng hon ton) th
gi c cc yu t s thc s tr nn cn bng

26

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

5. Quan im ca Heckscher-Ohlin (L thuyt v t l cc yu

t)

nh l Rybzynski:
Ti mc gi hng ha tng quan khng i th s gia tng
mc cung ca mt yu t sn xut s lm tng sn lng
mt hng s dng nhiu yu t v lm gim sn lng
ca mt hng kia

27

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

5. Quan im ca Heckscher-Ohlin (L thuyt v t l cc yu

t)

nh l Stolper-Samuelson:
Nu gi tng quan ca mt mt hng no tng ln th
gi tng quan ca yu t c s dng nhiu mt cch
tng i sn xut ra mt hng s tng ln cn gi
tng quan ca yu t kia s gim xung

28

Cu trc cn bng chung ca hc thuyt H-O

M HNH MU DCH
GI C SN PHM SO SNH
CN BNG NI A
GI C SN PHM
K THUT CNG NGH
CUNG YU T SN XUT

GI C YU T SN XUT

CU YU T SN XUT
CU SN PHM CUI CNG

TH HIU HAY S THCH

NGI TIU DNG

PHN PHI THU NHP

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

6. Quan im ca C.Mc v ngoi thng

Nguyn tc chi phi ngoi thng l bnh ng, cng c li
S hnh thnh v pht trin ca ngoi thng l tt yu
khch quan ca phng thc sn xut t bn ch ngha

30

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

7. Nhn xt v cc gi thuyt ca cc l thuyt c in

- Ton dng lao ng
- Mc tiu duy nht l hiu qu
- Khng xt n chi ph vn chuyn
- Tnh linh ng ca ti nguyn trong nc v phi linh ng
gia cc nc.
- Khng xem xt n thng mi dch v

31

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

a. Hy ch ra trong mi trng hp sau, c th c thng mi

gia Anh v M khng. Nu c th quc gia no s chuyn
mn ha vo mt hng no?
TH A
US UK

TH B
US

TH C

UK US UK

La m (t/gi lao ng)

Vi (m/gi lao ng)

b. Gi s trong trng hp C, t l trao i l 3 mt vi ly 4

t la m. Vi t l trao i ny, c thng mi quc t
khng. Ch ra li ch m mi nc thu c t thng mi
quc t.
32

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

Cho bit s ngy cng lao ng cn thit sn xut mt n

v sn phm mi nc nh sau:
Vit Nam

Nht Bn

Vi

3 ngy

2 ngy

Thp

6 ngy

5 ngy

a. Tnh s n v sn phm m mi nc sn xut c vi mt

ngy cng lao ng.
b. Gi s rng Nht bn c 1000 ngy cng lao ng. Hy v
ng gii hn kh nng sn xut ca nc ny.
c. Gi s t l trao i l 1 thp = 2 vi, v ng gii hn kh
nng tiu dng ca Nht Bn.
d. Hy xc nh im tiu dng ca Nht Bn trc v sau khi c
thng mi. Ch ra rng thng mi cho php nc ny t
ti im tiu dng mi vi mc tiu dng c hai mt hng u
33 tng ln.

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

Vit Nam

Nht Bn

Vi

1/3

1/2

Thp

1/6

1/5

Thp

250
200
B
A

34

500

Vi

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

II. Cc l thuyt mi v thng mi quc t

1. L thuyt v vng i quc t ca sn phm (international
product cycle)
2. L thuyt v li th cnh tranh quc gia (national
competitive advantage)

35

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

L thuyt v vng i quc t ca sn phm

(international product cycle)
Nc pht
minh

Xut
khu
I

II

III

36

Nhp Nc pht
khu
trin

Nc ang
pht trin

IV

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

L thuyt v li th cnh tranh quc gia (national

competitive advantage)
Chnh
ph

Chin lc, c cu v
mi trng cnh tranh

iu kin cc
nhn t sn
xut

iu kin
v cu

Cc ngnh h
tr v c lin
quan
37

C hi

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

iu kin cc yu t sn xut
u vo c bn - u vo cao cp
Nhn lc
Ti nguyn thin nhin
Tri thc
Vn
C s h tng
C ch hnh thnh u vo: Nh nc hay doanh
nghip

38

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

iu kin nhu cu trong nc

Bn cht nhu cu
Dung lng
C ch lan truyn nhu cu
Cc ngnh cng nghip h tr v c lin quan
Spillover effect:
vertical:
Horizontal: thng tin, con ngi
Chin lc, c cu v mi trng cnh tranh
39

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

III. Li ch ca ngoi thng

1. i vi quc gia
Ngun gc li ch ca ngoi thng
2. i vi doanh nghip

40

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

ng gii hn kh nng sn xut
PPF- Production Possibility Frontier

A
B

41

ng gii hn kh nng sn
xut l tp hp nhng kt hp
hng ha m nn kinh t c th
sn xut khi s dng hiu qu
ton b cc ngun lc sn c

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

ng bng quan (Indifferent curve)

U1

U2

C
B
A

42

ng bng quan l tp
hp nhng kt hp hng
ha m li cng s tho
mn cho ngi tiu dng

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

a. Li ch ca Ngoi thng
Khi cha c ngoi thng
ng gii hn kh nng sn
xut ng thi l ng gii
hn kh nng tiu dng
im sn xut =
im tiu dng =
A
ng bng
quan

43

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

a. Li ch ca Ngoi thng
Li ch t trao i: gain from exchange
ng gii hn kh nng tiu
dng c dc bng t l trao
i
im sn xut A
im tiu dng
B

44

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

a. Li ch ca Ngoi thng
Li ch t chuyn mn ha: gain from specialization
ng gii hn
kh nng tiu dng
im sn xut C

im tiu dng
D
A
B

45

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

Vi
A1

A0

CA

CM
M0
L

46

I2
I1
I0
M1
Th
p

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

a. Li ch ca Ngoi thng
M rng v thay i c cu tiu dng nhm em li s
tha mn cao hn
a dng ha sn phm (nhm phn tn ri ro)
t c hiu qu kinh t nh quy m (li ch hiu qu
t vic tng quy m)
Thc y cnh tranh (gim ngun li th trng ca
cc cng ty trong nc)
Hp l ha sn xut, phn phi (loi b cc cng ty km
hiu qu).

47

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

b. Ngun gc li ch ca ngoi thng

S khc bit v ngun lc
Ngun lc t nhin
Nhn lc
C s h tng
Khoa hc k thut
Quy m sn xut
Chuyn mn ha
48

Chi ph
sn xut

LI CH
CA
NGOI
THNG

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

i vi doanh nghip
ng lc xut khu:
S dng kh nng d tha
Thu c nhiu li ch hn
Phn tn ri ro
C hi nhp khu
ng lc nhp khu:
C c ngun cung cp r
C thm nhiu mt hng, nhiu sn phm
Gim ri ro do ph thuc vo nh cung cp

49

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

IV. Ngoi thn g ca mt nn kinh t m quy m nh

Gi thuyt:
Nn kinh t m: khng c cc ro cn thng mi, b
qua chi ph vn chuyn,
Nn kinh t quy m nh: lng xut, nhp khu khng
nh hng n cung cu trn th trng th gii iu kin
chp nhn gi ng Pw l ng thng nm ngang, song
song vi trc Q

Pw

50

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

IV. Ngoi thng ca mt nn kinh t m quy m nh

Nhn xt:
Trong mt nn kinh t m, nhng d tha hay thiu
ht v mt loi hng ha s c b p bi xut khu hac
nhp khu
Trong nn kinh t m quy m nh, nu mi yu t khc
cn bng th s thay i v cung cu trong nc s dn n s
thay i v s hng xut nhp khu hn l s thay i v gi
trong nc.

51

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

S
Pd=Pw

q1
52

q3

q2

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

Xut khu
Cung tng
Cung gim
Cu tng
Cu gim
53

Nhp khu

Chng

2: Nhng l thuyt bn v li ch ca ngoi thng

IV. Ngoi thn g ca mt nn kinh t m quy m nh

Thc t:
C tn ti nn kinh t m khng?
- EU
- M
Cc nn kinh t quy m nh c th lin kt tc ng
n gi th gii?
- OPEC?
- Cc nc xut khu c ph?

54