CCNA 2 Module 1

WANs and Routers

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Objectives

Upon completion of this module, the

student will be able to perform tasks
related to the following:
WANs
Routers

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Introduction to WANs

A wide-area network (WAN) is a data communications

network spanning a large geographic area such as a
state, province, or country.
They use the services of carriers.
A WAN operates at the physical layer and the data link
layer of the OSI reference model.
It interconnects LANs that are usually separated by
large geographic areas.

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Introduction to WANs

WAN data link protocols describe how frames

are carried between systems on a single data
link.
They include protocols designed to operate
over dedicated point-to-point, multipoint, and
multi-access switched services such as Fram
e Relay.

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WAN Devices

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WAN Services

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Data Link Encapsulations

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Introduction to Routers in a WAN

Routers connect and allow
communication between two
networks and determine the
best path for data to travel
through the connected
networks.
Routers need the
Internetwork Operating
System software (IOS) to run
configuration files.
The main internal components of the router are random access
memory (RAM), nonvolatile random-access memory (NVRAM),
flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), and interfaces.
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RAM
Stores routing tables
Holds ARP cache and fast-switching cache
Performs packet buffering (shared RAM)
Maintains packet-hold queues
Provides temporary memory for the configuration file of
the router while the router is powered on
Loses content when router is powered down or restarted

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NVRAM
Provides storage for the startup configuration file
Retains content when router is powered down or
restarted

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Flash Memory
Holds the operating system image (IOS)
Allows software to be updated without removing and
replacing chips on the processor
Retains content when router is powered down or
restarted
Can store multiple versions of IOS software
Is a type of electronically erasable, programmable ROM
(EEPROM)

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ROM
Maintains instruction for power-on self test (POST)
diagnostics
Stores bootstrap program and basic operating system
software
Requires replacing pluggable chips on the motherboard
for software upgrades

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Interfaces
Connect router to network for frame entry and exit
Can be on the motherboard or on a separate module

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Router LANs and WANs

While a router can be used to segment LANs, its major use is
as a WAN device.
Routers have both LAN and WAN interfaces
WAN technologies are frequently used to connect routers and
these routers communicate with each other by WAN
connections.

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Router LANs and WANs

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Router LANs and WANs

Routers are the backbone devices of large intranets and of the Internet.
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Router LANs and WANs

Two main functions of a router are the selection of best path
and the switching of frames to the proper interface.
Routers accomplish this by building routing tables and
exchanging network information with other routers.

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Segmentation with Routers

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WAN Physical Layer

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WAN Data Link Layer Protocols

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WAN Standards and Protocols

WAN physical layer standards
and protocols:
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
V.24
V.35
X.21
G.703
EIA-530
ISDN
T1, T3, E1, and E3
xDSL
SONET

WAN data link layer standards and

protocols:
High-level data link control (HDLC)
Frame Relay
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
Synchronous Data Link Control
(SDLC)
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
X.25
ATM
LAPB
LAPD
LAPF

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Internal Components of a 2600 Router

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External Connections on a 2600 Router

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Router External Connections

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Computer or Terminal Console

Connection

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Modem Connection to Console or

Auxiliary Port

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Connecting Console Interfaces

1.

Configure terminal emulation software on the PC for the

following:
The appropriate com port
9600 baud
8 data bits
1 stop bit
No parity
No flow control

2.

Connect a rollover cable to the router console port (RJ-45

connector).

3.

Connect the other end of the rollover cable to the RJ-45 to DB-9
adapter

4.

Attach the female DB-9 adapter to a PC.

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Connecting Router LAN Interfaces

A router is usually connected to a

LAN through an Ethernet or Fast
Ethernet interface.

The router is a host that

communicates with the LAN
through a hub or a switch.

A straight-through cable is used to make this connection.

A 10BASE-TX or 100BASE-TX router interface requires

Category 5, or better, unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)

cable, regardless of the router type
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Connecting Router Interfaces

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Router Serial WAN Connectors

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Router Serial WAN Connectors

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DCE Serial Connections

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Summary

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