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SISTEMIK
Dr. SUHAEMI, SpPD, FINASIM
PENDAHULUAN
Lupus Eritematosus Sistemik/LES
merupakan penyakit sistemik evolutif yg
mengenai satu atau beberapa organ
tubuh, ditandai oleh inflamasi luas pada
pembuluh darah dan jaringan ikat, bersifat
episodik yang diselingi oleh periode remisi.
Manifestasi klinis LES sangat bervariasi
dgn perjalanan penyakit yg sulit diduga,
tidak dapat diobati, dan sering berakhir
dengan kematian
2
SLE
Autoimmune disease that affects
multisystems
1.5 million cases of lupus
Prevalence of 17 to 48 per 100,000
population
Women > Men - 9:1 ratio
90% cases are women
African Americans > Whites
Onset usually between ages of 15 and 45
years, but
Can occur in childhood or later in life
3
INTRODUCTION
ETIOLOGI
1.
2.
3.
4.
Faktor
Faktor
Faktor
Faktor
GENETIK
ENDOKRIN
OBAT
INFEKSI
T-Cell dysfunction
B-Cell activation
Abnormal Cytokine production
Bottom line:(the above factorsand other immune
dysregulation culminates in an) abnormal abundance
ofautoantibodies and reduced reaction to pathogens
T-Cell Dysfunction
Decreased Th1
activity--> normally
regulate other Tcells
o Decreased IL-2,
TNF-alpha, INFgamma
Increased Th2
activity--> normally
regulate B cell
growth
o IL-4,5,6,10
antigen binds
here
B-Cell Activation
Increased Th2-->
o Increased IL-10--l IL-1,2
(spontaneous in ppl w/
SLE)
o IL-10 --> Th2 cytokines
that activate B cells and
deactivate
macrophages... viscious
cycle...
10
PATOFISIOLOGI
LES timbul sebagai ekspresi klinis suatu mekanisme
sekuensial, yang awalnya merupakan berbagai faktor
etiologi yang masih belum diketahui dengan jelas.
Secara ringkas LES berawal dari ketidak mampuan
sistem imun tubuh untuk mengebnal struktur antigen
diri sehingga terjadi mekanisme autoimun.
Autoantibodi yg terbentuk akan berikatan dgn
autoantigen membentuk kompleks imun yang
mengendap berupa depot dalam jaringan.
Akibatnya akan terjadi aktivasi komplemen sehingga
terjadi reaksi inflamasi yang menimbulkan lesi
ditempat tersebut.
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Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus:
An Autoimmune Story
12
This time...
House is
wrong...
13
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MANIFESTASI KLINIS
Gejala yang timbul merupakan manifestasi aktivitas
autoantibodi dan /atau depot kompleks imun dgn
vaskulitis.
Semua organ tubuh dapat terserang pada suatu saat,
atau pada tahap evolusi penyakit yang berbeda.
Pada awal perjalanan penyakit, gejala klinis yang muncul
sangat terbatas hingga diagnosis sulit ditegakkan.
Pada perjalanan penyakit selanjutnya gejala klinis
tersebut akan lebih kerap ditemukan.
Bila gejala tsb muncul berulang atau disertai gejala lain
sehingga menjadi lengkap, maka diagnosis dapat lebih
mudah ditegakkan
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Kelelahan
Kelelahan
90%
90%
Panas
Panas lama
lama
80-82%
80-82%
BB
BB turun
60%
60%
Artritis/Artralgia
Artritis/Artralgia
90%
90%
Kulit
Kulit
50-58%
50-58%
LES
Paru
Paru
38%
38%
Hematologi
Hematologi
50%
50%
Jantung
Jantung
48%
Vaskulitis
Vaskulitis
Ginjal
Ginjal
50%
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SYMPTOMS
SYMPTOMS
PERCENTAGE (%)
95
90
90
81
Skin Rashes
74
Anemia
71
Kidney Involvement
50
45
42
30
Hair loss
27
20
17
17
12
butterfly rash
Skin rashes
Finger turns blue
18
Immunogenetics
Increased Risk for SLE in:
HLA-DR2 (anti-DNA Abs)
HLA-DR3 (anti-Ro Abs)
Null alleles at C2 and C4 loci
SLE may be transmitted in an
autosomal dominant pattern (family
studies)
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HLA-DR1, 2, 3, 4
Alleles of HLA-DRB1, IRF5,
and STAT4
C2 - C4 deficiency
TNF- polymorphisms
20
DIAGNOSIS
Criterion
Definition
DIAGNOSIS
Criterion
Definition
1. Malar Rash: Fixed erythema, flat or raised, over the malar eminences, tending to spare the nasolabial folds
2. Discoid rash: Erythematous raised patches with adherent keratotic scaling and follicular plugging; atrophic
scarring may occur in older lesions
3. Photosensitivity: Skin rash as a result of unusual reaction to sunlight, by patient history or physician
observation
From http://www.rheumatology.org/publications/classification/SLE/1997UpdateOf1982RevisedCriteriaClassificationSLE.asp?aud=pat
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25
26
27
SLE photosensitiv
erythema
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Malar
rash
29
30
31
32
33
Joint involvement in lupus mimics rheumatoid arthritis
(RA) but milder
SLE arthritis
Korriglhat deformits
Jaccoud arthropathia:
szalaglazasg,
hypermobilits
34
Arthritis (Jaccouds)
35
Photosensit
ivity
36
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Musculoskeletal 90%
Skin 80%
Renal 50%
CNS 15%
Severe thrombocytopenia
Positive ANA
95+%
5-10%
38
Immune-complex Injury in
SLE
C4
Tissue Injury
SLE:
Anti-DNA,
C3, C4
40
Procoagulant State
(multifactorial, APS)
Strokes
Premature or Accelerated
Atherosclerosis
PVD
MIs
43
CV System
Pericarditis 6-45% of patients: low likelihood of tamponade or constrictive type.
<10% with myocarditis
Libman-Sacks endocarditis
1-4 mm vegetations of accumulations of immune complexes and mononuclear cells on mitral,
tricuspid or aortic valves
Risk of thromboembolism or secondary infective endocarditis (abx prophy)
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CNS Lupus
Seizures - Epilepsy
Strokes with hemiparesis
Coma (lupus cerebritis)
Cranial nerve and peripheral neuropathies
Brain stem/cord lesions
Aseptic meningitis
Transverse myelitis
Psychiatric: memory loss, cognitive
changes
Myasthenia gravis, multiple-sclerosis like
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cardioprotective
Cytotoxics: cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), MTX, mycophenolate mophetil
(CellCept), azathioprine (Imuran)
IVIG: short-lived correction of thrombocytopenia*
Plasmapheresis: not well documented. Used for CAPS
Experimental: LJP394 (B cell tolerogen for anti-DNA Abs), CTLA4Ig
(abatacept), anti-C5 (? efficacy), anti-T and B cell targets (CD40-CD40L,
rituximab (Rituxan), anti-BLYS Rx (lymphostat-B, belimumab), MEDI545, an anti-IFN monoclonal antibody (MedImmune, Inc.), kinase
inhibitors, prolactin inhibitors, etc
Experimental combination Rx: Cytoxan + CTLA4Ig, other combos, etc
Bone marrow approaches: ablative therapy and stem cell transplant
*Gonzalez EB, Truslow W, Miller SB. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) offers short-term limited benefit in lupus
thrombocytopenia. Arthritis & Rheumatism 36: S228, 1993
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50
Corticosteriods
53
Anti Inflammatory
- Used to treat inflammation and pain
- Examples include Aspirin, Acetaminophen, and Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as
Ibuprofen
54
Immunosuppressives
-Used to control inflammation and an overactive immune system
-Cylcophosphoamide
-Shown to improve kidney and lung disease
-Methotrexate
-One of the best known treatments for rheumatoid arthritis
-Azathioprine
-Helps to lower steroid dosage and improve liver and
kidney disease
-Obviously there are serious side effects such as reduced ability
to fight off infection
55
Current Research
57
Autoantibodies
ANA: against targets in the nucleus, but only those which have intrinsic
immunological activity: i.e.. They can activate the innate immune system
via Toll-like receptors
Anti DS-DNA in particular recognizes DNA in complex with nucleosome
components (histone-derived peptides in particular)
Can correlate with nephritis
Immune complexes with anti-DNA ab/DNA can increase the expression of IFN- via plamacytoid
dendritic cells
Mechanism Summary
Defects in clearance of apoptotic cells
can lead to exposure of intracellular
immunogenic components which can
be taken up by DC and presented to
autoreactive B cells (made this way
during random somatic hypermutation).
In the right genetic environment, these
B cells may become activated to
produce autoantibodies.
Polymorphisms or mutations in genes
in numerous steps of B-cell regulation or
IFN-responsiveness can predispose to SLE (FcRIIa, IRF5,
STAT4, BLK)
59
Skin disease
Inflammation and breakdown of the dermal-epidermal junction.
UV exposure can worsen because it promotes apoptosis in the
skin resulting in autoantibody binding and tissue injury via
complement activation or inflammatory cell activation
Anti-Ro antibodies are associated with skin flares
60
Renal:
62
63
Anti-nuclear antibodies
(ANA)
Rim
Nucleolar
Diffuse
Speckled
64
LE Cell
The LE cell is a
neutrophil that has
engulfed the antibodycoated nucleus of
another neutrophil.
LE cells may appear in
rosettes where there
are several neutrophils
vying for an individual
complement covered
protein.
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Normal
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Glomerulonephritis
Summary
Lupus = Autoimmunity
Systemic and affects connective tissue
T-cells
B-cells
Complement System
Signal Transduction
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