G.P.S.

SYSTEM
BY: SIR UMAIR RASHEED
THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE.

BY :

JAWAD ALIBSET01111037

SYED IMRAN ALI

BSET01113054

SIDRA REHMAN

BSET01111058

CONTENTS
HISTORY.
WHAT IS GPS?
GPS ELEMENTS.
HOW IT WORKS?
GPS SIGNALS & FREQUENCIES.
SOURCES OF GPS SIGNAL ERRORS.
HOW TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY OF GPS.
LIMITATIONS.
APPLICATIONS(VEHICLE TRACKING).
FUTURE OF GPS.
CONCLUSION.

HISTORY:
Navigating by stars (requires clear nights and careful measurements)
most widely used for centuries
The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of
previous navigation systems.
GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense and was
originally run with 24satellites.
It became fully operational in 1995. Bradford Parkinson, Roger L. Easton,
and Ivan A. Getting are credited with inventing it.

WHAT IS GPS?
GPS means
A space-basedsatellite navigationsystem
provideslocationand time information in all weather.

Maintained by theUnited Statesgovernment and is freely

accessible by anyone with aGPS receiver.

OVERVEIW

Official logo for

NAVSTAR GPS

Official name : Navigational Satellite Timing And Ranging Global

Positioning System (NAVSTAR GPS)
Consists of 30+ GPS satellites in medium Earth orbit (2000km 35,000 km).
Made up of two dozen satellites working in harmony are known
as a satellite constellation
Mainly used for navigation, map-making and surveying.

GPS ELEMENTS.
Three segments
1. Space segment.

Space
Segment

Control
Segment

2. Control segment.
3. User segment.
User
Segment

SPACE SEGMENT
GPS satellites fly in circular orbits at an altitude of 20,200 km and with a
period of 12 hours.
Powered by solar cells.
The satellites continuously orient themselves to point their solar panels toward the sun
and their antenna toward the earth.

Orbital planes are centered on the Earth.

Orbits are designed so that, at least, six satellites are always within line of sight from
any location on the planet.

CONTROL SEGMENT

The CS consists of 3 entities:

Master Control System
Monitor Stations
Ground Antennas

MASTER CONTROL STATION

The master control station, located at Falcon Air Force Base in Colorado
Springs,
Responsible for overall management of the remote monitoring and
transmission sites.
Check-up is performed twice a day, by each of 6 stations, as the satellites
complete their journeys around the earth.
Can reposition satellites to maintain an optimal GPS constellation.

MONITOR STATIONS
Checks the exact altitude, position, speed,
and overall health of the orbiting satellites.
The control segment ensures that the GPS
satellite orbits and clocks remain within
acceptable limits.

Falcon Air Force Base in Colorado,

Cape Canaveral,
Florida,
Hawaii,

A station can track up to 11 satellites at a

time.
This "check-up" is performed twice a day, by
each station.

Ascension Island in the Atlantic

Ocean,
Diego Garcia Atoll in the Indian
Ocean,
Kwajalein Island in the South
Pacific Ocean.

GROUND ANTENNAS

Ground antennas monitor and track the satellites from

horizon to horizon.
They also transmit correction information to individual
satellites.
Communicate with the GPS satellites for command and
control purposes.

USER SEGMENT.
GPS receivers are generally composed of

1. an antenna( tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites),

2. receiver-processors, and
3. highly-stable clock( commonly a crystal oscillator).
They can also include a display for showing location and speed information to the user.
A receiver is often described by its number of channels ( this signifies how many satellites
it can monitor simultaneously).
As of recent, receivers usually have between twelve and twenty channels.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
Geometric Principle:
You can find ones location if you know its distance from other,
already-known locations.

Things which need to be determined:

Current Locations of GPS Satellites.

The Distance Between Receivers Position and the GPS Satellites.

CURRENT LOCATIONS OF GPS

SATELLITES
GPS satellites are orbiting the earth at an altitude of 11,000 miles.
The orbits, and the locations of the satellites, are known in
advance.
GPS receivers store this orbit information for all of the GPS
satellites in an ALMANAC*.

The Almanac is a file which contains positional information for all of the GPS satellites

DISTANCE B/W RECEIVERS POSITION AND GPS

SATELLITES.
A GPS receiver can tell its own position by using the position data of
itself, and compares that data with 3 or more GPS satellites.
To get the distance to each satellite,
By measuring the amount of time taken by radio signal (the GPS signal) to
travel from the satellite to the receiver.
Radio waves travel at the speed of light, i.e. about 186,000 miles per second.
The distance from the satellite to the receiver can be determined by the
formula distance = speed x time.
Hence receivers position find out using trilateration.

Distance measurements from two

satellites limits our location to the
intersection of two spheres, which is a
circle.

A third
measureme
nt narrows
our location
to just two
points.

A fourth
measuremen
t determines
which point
is our true
location

ACCURACY
The position calculated by a GPS receiver relies on three
accurate measurements:
Current time
Position of the satellite
Time delay for the signal

The GPS signal in space will provide a "worst case"accuracy of

7.8meters at a 95% confidence level.
GPS time is accurate to about 14 nanoseconds.
Higher accuracy is available today by using GPS in
combination with augmentation systems. These enable realtime positioning to within a few centimeters.

GPS SIGNALS
Coarse/Acquisition code.
Precision code.
Navigation message.
Almanac.
Data updates.

GPS FREQUENCIES.
L1 (1575.42 MHz)
L2 (1227.60 MHz)
L3 (1381.05 MHz)
L4 (1379.913 MHz)
L5 (1176.45 MHz)

FREQUENCY INFORMATION
The C/A code is transmitted on the L1 frequency.
The Precision-code is transmitted on both the L1 and L2 frequencies.
L3 is used by the Defense Support Program to signal detection of
missile launches, nuclear detonations, and other applications.
L4 is used for additional correction to the part of the atmosphere that is
ionized by solar radiation.
L5 is used as a civilian safety-of-life signal.

FREQUENCY L2C
Launched in 2005, L2C is civilian GPS signal, designed specifically to
meet commercial needs.
L2C enables ionospheric correction, a technique that boosts accuracy.
Delivers faster signal acquisition, enhanced reliability, and greater
operating range.
L2C broadcasts at a higher effective power making it easier to receive
under trees and even indoors.

SOURCES OF GPS SIGNAL

ERRORS.
Different errors can cause a deviation of+/- 50 -100meters from the actual GPS receiver position
which are :
1.Satellite clock :

One nano second of inaccuracy in a satellite clock results in about 30 cm

(1 foot) of error in measuring the distance to that satellite.
2.Receiver clock :

Any error in the receiver clock causes inaccuracy in distance measurement.

However it is not practical to equip receiver with very accurate atomic clocks. Atomic clocks weigh more than 20 kgs, cost about US$ 50,000.

3.GPS Jamming :
It limits the effectiveness of the GPS signal.
GPS jammer is a low cost device to temporarily disable the reception of the civilian coarse acquisition (C/A) code.

3. Atmospheric errors
Speed of GPS signal is affected by ionosphere &
troposphere.
Which cause a deviation of 0 to 30 m. from the
actual position of receiver.
.

4.Multi-path error :
Bouncing of GPS signal due to a reflecting surface before reaching to receiver antenna.
Which cause a deviation of 0 to 1 m. from the actual position of receiver.

METHODS OF IMPROVING
ACCURACY.
Precision monitoring
Dual Frequency Monitoring
Carrier-Phase Enhancement (CPGPS)
Relative Kinematic Positioning (RKP)

Augmentation

A. Dual Frequency Monitoring.

Refers to systems that can compare two or more signals.
These two frequencies are affected in two different ways.
After monitoring these signals, its possible to calculate what the error is and
eliminate it.
Receivers that have the correct decryption key can decode the P(Y)-code
transmitted on signals to measure the error.

B. Carrier-Phase Enhancement (CPGPS)

CPGPS uses the L1 carrier wave, which has a period 1000 times smaller than
that of the C/A bit period, to act as an additional clock signal and resolve
uncertainty.
The phase difference error in the normal GPS amounts to between 2 and 3
meters (6 to 10 ft) of ambiguity.
CPGPS works to within 1% of perfect transition to reduce the error to 3
centimeters (1 inch) of ambiguity.
By eliminating this source of error, CPGPS coupled with DGPS normally
realizes between 20 and 30 centimeters (8 to 12 inches) of absolute accuracy.

C. Relative Kinematic Positioning (RKP)

Determination of range signal can be resolved to an accuracy of less
than 10 centimeters (4 in).
Resolves the number of cycles in which the signal is transmitted and
received by the receiver.
Accomplished by using a combination of DGPS correction data,
transmitting GPS signal phase information and ambiguity resolution
techniques via statistical tests possibly with processing in real-time.
Augmentation
. Relies on external information being integrated into the calculation
process.
. Some augmentation systems transmit additional information about
sources of error.
. Some provide direct measurements of how much the signal was off in the
past

AUGMENTATION SYSTEM.
Nationwide Differential GPS System (NDGPS)
Ground-based augmentation system that provides increased accuracy and
integrity of GPS information to users on U.S. land and waterways.
The system consists of the Maritime Differential GPS System operated by
the U.S. Coast Guard and an inland component funded by the Department
of Transportation.

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)

Satellite-based augmentation system operated by the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA), supports aircraft navigation across North America.

 Global Differential GPS (GDGPS)

High accuracy GPS augmentation system, developed by the
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to support the real-time
positioning, timing, and determination requirements of NASA
science missions.
Future NASA plans include using the Tracking and Data Relay
Satellite System (TDRSS) to transmit via satellite a real-time
differential correction message.

LIMITATIONS
GPS can provide worldwide, three-dimensional positions, 24 hours a
day, in any type of weather.
But, There must be a relatively clear "line of sight" between the
GPS antenna and four or more satellites.
Hence it becomes too difficult to ensure reliable positioning. These
difficulties are particularly prevalent in urban areas.
The GPS signal may bounce off nearby objects causing another
problem called multi path interference.

APPLICATIONS
Surveying: Surveyors use absolute locations

to make maps and determine property

boundaries.

Telematics: GPS technology integrated with

computers and mobile communications

technology inautomotive navigation systems.

VEHICLE TRACKING.

Monitor-track-spy

How it works

APPLICATIONS- MILITARY

GPS integrated into fighters, tankers, helicopters, ships,

submarines, tanks, jeeps, and soldiers' equipment.
Target tracking.
Search and rescue.

CONCLUSION.
GPS, a satellite based navigation system, thus can be used to determine the
position of an object on earth.

Its application field is vast and new applications will continue to be created as
the technology evolves.
GPS can also interfaced with other similar projects such EUs GALILEO to account
for unpredictable applications.
Thus, the GPS constellation, like manmade stars in the sky, can be used for
guiding and navigation.